root/ext/pdo_sqlite/sqlite/src/select.c

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DEFINITIONS

This source file includes following definitions.
  1. clearSelect
  2. sqlite3SelectNew
  3. sqlite3SelectDelete
  4. sqlite3JoinType
  5. columnIndex
  6. setToken
  7. sqlite3CreateIdExpr
  8. addWhereTerm
  9. setJoinExpr
  10. sqliteProcessJoin
  11. pushOntoSorter
  12. codeOffset
  13. codeDistinct
  14. selectInnerLoop
  15. keyInfoFromExprList
  16. generateSortTail
  17. columnType
  18. generateColumnTypes
  19. generateColumnNames
  20. selectOpName
  21. sqlite3ResultSetOfSelect
  22. prepSelectStmt
  23. matchOrderbyToColumn
  24. sqlite3GetVdbe
  25. computeLimitRegisters
  26. createSortingIndex
  27. multiSelectCollSeq
  28. multiSelect
  29. substExpr
  30. substExprList
  31. substSelect
  32. flattenSubquery
  33. simpleMinMaxQuery
  34. processOrderGroupBy
  35. sqlite3SelectResolve
  36. resetAccumulator
  37. finalizeAggFunctions
  38. updateAccumulator
  39. sqlite3Select
  40. sqlite3PrintExpr
  41. sqlite3PrintExprList
  42. sqlite3PrintSelect

/*
** 2001 September 15
**
** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
**
**    May you do good and not evil.
**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
**
*************************************************************************
** This file contains C code routines that are called by the parser
** to handle SELECT statements in SQLite.
**
** $Id$
*/
#include "sqliteInt.h"

/*
** Delete all the content of a Select structure but do not deallocate
** the select structure itself.
*/
static void clearSelect(Select *p){
  sqlite3ExprListDelete(p->pEList);
  sqlite3SrcListDelete(p->pSrc);
  sqlite3ExprDelete(p->pWhere);
  sqlite3ExprListDelete(p->pGroupBy);
  sqlite3ExprDelete(p->pHaving);
  sqlite3ExprListDelete(p->pOrderBy);
  sqlite3SelectDelete(p->pPrior);
  sqlite3ExprDelete(p->pLimit);
  sqlite3ExprDelete(p->pOffset);
}

/*
** Allocate a new Select structure and return a pointer to that
** structure.
*/
Select *sqlite3SelectNew(
  ExprList *pEList,     /* which columns to include in the result */
  SrcList *pSrc,        /* the FROM clause -- which tables to scan */
  Expr *pWhere,         /* the WHERE clause */
  ExprList *pGroupBy,   /* the GROUP BY clause */
  Expr *pHaving,        /* the HAVING clause */
  ExprList *pOrderBy,   /* the ORDER BY clause */
  int isDistinct,       /* true if the DISTINCT keyword is present */
  Expr *pLimit,         /* LIMIT value.  NULL means not used */
  Expr *pOffset         /* OFFSET value.  NULL means no offset */
){
  Select *pNew;
  Select standin;
  pNew = sqliteMalloc( sizeof(*pNew) );
  assert( !pOffset || pLimit );   /* Can't have OFFSET without LIMIT. */
  if( pNew==0 ){
    pNew = &standin;
    memset(pNew, 0, sizeof(*pNew));
  }
  if( pEList==0 ){
    pEList = sqlite3ExprListAppend(0, sqlite3Expr(TK_ALL,0,0,0), 0);
  }
  pNew->pEList = pEList;
  pNew->pSrc = pSrc;
  pNew->pWhere = pWhere;
  pNew->pGroupBy = pGroupBy;
  pNew->pHaving = pHaving;
  pNew->pOrderBy = pOrderBy;
  pNew->isDistinct = isDistinct;
  pNew->op = TK_SELECT;
  assert( pOffset==0 || pLimit!=0 );
  pNew->pLimit = pLimit;
  pNew->pOffset = pOffset;
  pNew->iLimit = -1;
  pNew->iOffset = -1;
  pNew->addrOpenEphm[0] = -1;
  pNew->addrOpenEphm[1] = -1;
  pNew->addrOpenEphm[2] = -1;
  if( pNew==&standin) {
    clearSelect(pNew);
    pNew = 0;
  }
  return pNew;
}

/*
** Delete the given Select structure and all of its substructures.
*/
void sqlite3SelectDelete(Select *p){
  if( p ){
    clearSelect(p);
    sqliteFree(p);
  }
}

/*
** Given 1 to 3 identifiers preceeding the JOIN keyword, determine the
** type of join.  Return an integer constant that expresses that type
** in terms of the following bit values:
**
**     JT_INNER
**     JT_CROSS
**     JT_OUTER
**     JT_NATURAL
**     JT_LEFT
**     JT_RIGHT
**
** A full outer join is the combination of JT_LEFT and JT_RIGHT.
**
** If an illegal or unsupported join type is seen, then still return
** a join type, but put an error in the pParse structure.
*/
int sqlite3JoinType(Parse *pParse, Token *pA, Token *pB, Token *pC){
  int jointype = 0;
  Token *apAll[3];
  Token *p;
  static const struct {
    const char zKeyword[8];
    u8 nChar;
    u8 code;
  } keywords[] = {
    { "natural", 7, JT_NATURAL },
    { "left",    4, JT_LEFT|JT_OUTER },
    { "right",   5, JT_RIGHT|JT_OUTER },
    { "full",    4, JT_LEFT|JT_RIGHT|JT_OUTER },
    { "outer",   5, JT_OUTER },
    { "inner",   5, JT_INNER },
    { "cross",   5, JT_INNER|JT_CROSS },
  };
  int i, j;
  apAll[0] = pA;
  apAll[1] = pB;
  apAll[2] = pC;
  for(i=0; i<3 && apAll[i]; i++){
    p = apAll[i];
    for(j=0; j<sizeof(keywords)/sizeof(keywords[0]); j++){
      if( p->n==keywords[j].nChar 
          && sqlite3StrNICmp((char*)p->z, keywords[j].zKeyword, p->n)==0 ){
        jointype |= keywords[j].code;
        break;
      }
    }
    if( j>=sizeof(keywords)/sizeof(keywords[0]) ){
      jointype |= JT_ERROR;
      break;
    }
  }
  if(
     (jointype & (JT_INNER|JT_OUTER))==(JT_INNER|JT_OUTER) ||
     (jointype & JT_ERROR)!=0
  ){
    const char *zSp1 = " ";
    const char *zSp2 = " ";
    if( pB==0 ){ zSp1++; }
    if( pC==0 ){ zSp2++; }
    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "unknown or unsupported join type: "
       "%T%s%T%s%T", pA, zSp1, pB, zSp2, pC);
    jointype = JT_INNER;
  }else if( jointype & JT_RIGHT ){
    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, 
      "RIGHT and FULL OUTER JOINs are not currently supported");
    jointype = JT_INNER;
  }
  return jointype;
}

/*
** Return the index of a column in a table.  Return -1 if the column
** is not contained in the table.
*/
static int columnIndex(Table *pTab, const char *zCol){
  int i;
  for(i=0; i<pTab->nCol; i++){
    if( sqlite3StrICmp(pTab->aCol[i].zName, zCol)==0 ) return i;
  }
  return -1;
}

/*
** Set the value of a token to a '\000'-terminated string.
*/
static void setToken(Token *p, const char *z){
  p->z = (u8*)z;
  p->n = z ? strlen(z) : 0;
  p->dyn = 0;
}

/*
** Create an expression node for an identifier with the name of zName
*/
Expr *sqlite3CreateIdExpr(const char *zName){
  Token dummy;
  setToken(&dummy, zName);
  return sqlite3Expr(TK_ID, 0, 0, &dummy);
}


/*
** Add a term to the WHERE expression in *ppExpr that requires the
** zCol column to be equal in the two tables pTab1 and pTab2.
*/
static void addWhereTerm(
  const char *zCol,        /* Name of the column */
  const Table *pTab1,      /* First table */
  const char *zAlias1,     /* Alias for first table.  May be NULL */
  const Table *pTab2,      /* Second table */
  const char *zAlias2,     /* Alias for second table.  May be NULL */
  int iRightJoinTable,     /* VDBE cursor for the right table */
  Expr **ppExpr            /* Add the equality term to this expression */
){
  Expr *pE1a, *pE1b, *pE1c;
  Expr *pE2a, *pE2b, *pE2c;
  Expr *pE;

  pE1a = sqlite3CreateIdExpr(zCol);
  pE2a = sqlite3CreateIdExpr(zCol);
  if( zAlias1==0 ){
    zAlias1 = pTab1->zName;
  }
  pE1b = sqlite3CreateIdExpr(zAlias1);
  if( zAlias2==0 ){
    zAlias2 = pTab2->zName;
  }
  pE2b = sqlite3CreateIdExpr(zAlias2);
  pE1c = sqlite3ExprOrFree(TK_DOT, pE1b, pE1a, 0);
  pE2c = sqlite3ExprOrFree(TK_DOT, pE2b, pE2a, 0);
  pE = sqlite3ExprOrFree(TK_EQ, pE1c, pE2c, 0);
  if( pE ){
    ExprSetProperty(pE, EP_FromJoin);
    pE->iRightJoinTable = iRightJoinTable;
  }
  pE = sqlite3ExprAnd(*ppExpr, pE);
  if( pE ){
    *ppExpr = pE;
  }
}

/*
** Set the EP_FromJoin property on all terms of the given expression.
** And set the Expr.iRightJoinTable to iTable for every term in the
** expression.
**
** The EP_FromJoin property is used on terms of an expression to tell
** the LEFT OUTER JOIN processing logic that this term is part of the
** join restriction specified in the ON or USING clause and not a part
** of the more general WHERE clause.  These terms are moved over to the
** WHERE clause during join processing but we need to remember that they
** originated in the ON or USING clause.
**
** The Expr.iRightJoinTable tells the WHERE clause processing that the
** expression depends on table iRightJoinTable even if that table is not
** explicitly mentioned in the expression.  That information is needed
** for cases like this:
**
**    SELECT * FROM t1 LEFT JOIN t2 ON t1.a=t2.b AND t1.x=5
**
** The where clause needs to defer the handling of the t1.x=5
** term until after the t2 loop of the join.  In that way, a
** NULL t2 row will be inserted whenever t1.x!=5.  If we do not
** defer the handling of t1.x=5, it will be processed immediately
** after the t1 loop and rows with t1.x!=5 will never appear in
** the output, which is incorrect.
*/
static void setJoinExpr(Expr *p, int iTable){
  while( p ){
    ExprSetProperty(p, EP_FromJoin);
    p->iRightJoinTable = iTable;
    setJoinExpr(p->pLeft, iTable);
    p = p->pRight;
  } 
}

/*
** This routine processes the join information for a SELECT statement.
** ON and USING clauses are converted into extra terms of the WHERE clause.
** NATURAL joins also create extra WHERE clause terms.
**
** The terms of a FROM clause are contained in the Select.pSrc structure.
** The left most table is the first entry in Select.pSrc.  The right-most
** table is the last entry.  The join operator is held in the entry to
** the left.  Thus entry 0 contains the join operator for the join between
** entries 0 and 1.  Any ON or USING clauses associated with the join are
** also attached to the left entry.
**
** This routine returns the number of errors encountered.
*/
static int sqliteProcessJoin(Parse *pParse, Select *p){
  SrcList *pSrc;                  /* All tables in the FROM clause */
  int i, j;                       /* Loop counters */
  struct SrcList_item *pLeft;     /* Left table being joined */
  struct SrcList_item *pRight;    /* Right table being joined */

  pSrc = p->pSrc;
  pLeft = &pSrc->a[0];
  pRight = &pLeft[1];
  for(i=0; i<pSrc->nSrc-1; i++, pRight++, pLeft++){
    Table *pLeftTab = pLeft->pTab;
    Table *pRightTab = pRight->pTab;

    if( pLeftTab==0 || pRightTab==0 ) continue;

    /* When the NATURAL keyword is present, add WHERE clause terms for
    ** every column that the two tables have in common.
    */
    if( pRight->jointype & JT_NATURAL ){
      if( pRight->pOn || pRight->pUsing ){
        sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "a NATURAL join may not have "
           "an ON or USING clause", 0);
        return 1;
      }
      for(j=0; j<pLeftTab->nCol; j++){
        char *zName = pLeftTab->aCol[j].zName;
        if( columnIndex(pRightTab, zName)>=0 ){
          addWhereTerm(zName, pLeftTab, pLeft->zAlias, 
                              pRightTab, pRight->zAlias,
                              pRight->iCursor, &p->pWhere);
          
        }
      }
    }

    /* Disallow both ON and USING clauses in the same join
    */
    if( pRight->pOn && pRight->pUsing ){
      sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "cannot have both ON and USING "
        "clauses in the same join");
      return 1;
    }

    /* Add the ON clause to the end of the WHERE clause, connected by
    ** an AND operator.
    */
    if( pRight->pOn ){
      setJoinExpr(pRight->pOn, pRight->iCursor);
      p->pWhere = sqlite3ExprAnd(p->pWhere, pRight->pOn);
      pRight->pOn = 0;
    }

    /* Create extra terms on the WHERE clause for each column named
    ** in the USING clause.  Example: If the two tables to be joined are 
    ** A and B and the USING clause names X, Y, and Z, then add this
    ** to the WHERE clause:    A.X=B.X AND A.Y=B.Y AND A.Z=B.Z
    ** Report an error if any column mentioned in the USING clause is
    ** not contained in both tables to be joined.
    */
    if( pRight->pUsing ){
      IdList *pList = pRight->pUsing;
      for(j=0; j<pList->nId; j++){
        char *zName = pList->a[j].zName;
        if( columnIndex(pLeftTab, zName)<0 || columnIndex(pRightTab, zName)<0 ){
          sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "cannot join using column %s - column "
            "not present in both tables", zName);
          return 1;
        }
        addWhereTerm(zName, pLeftTab, pLeft->zAlias, 
                            pRightTab, pRight->zAlias,
                            pRight->iCursor, &p->pWhere);
      }
    }
  }
  return 0;
}

/*
** Insert code into "v" that will push the record on the top of the
** stack into the sorter.
*/
static void pushOntoSorter(
  Parse *pParse,         /* Parser context */
  ExprList *pOrderBy,    /* The ORDER BY clause */
  Select *pSelect        /* The whole SELECT statement */
){
  Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;
  sqlite3ExprCodeExprList(pParse, pOrderBy);
  sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_Sequence, pOrderBy->iECursor, 0);
  sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_Pull, pOrderBy->nExpr + 1, 0);
  sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_MakeRecord, pOrderBy->nExpr + 2, 0);
  sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_IdxInsert, pOrderBy->iECursor, 0);
  if( pSelect->iLimit>=0 ){
    int addr1, addr2;
    addr1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_IfMemZero, pSelect->iLimit+1, 0);
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_MemIncr, -1, pSelect->iLimit+1);
    addr2 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_Goto, 0, 0);
    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr1);
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_Last, pOrderBy->iECursor, 0);
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_Delete, pOrderBy->iECursor, 0);
    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr2);
    pSelect->iLimit = -1;
  }
}

/*
** Add code to implement the OFFSET
*/
static void codeOffset(
  Vdbe *v,          /* Generate code into this VM */
  Select *p,        /* The SELECT statement being coded */
  int iContinue,    /* Jump here to skip the current record */
  int nPop          /* Number of times to pop stack when jumping */
){
  if( p->iOffset>=0 && iContinue!=0 ){
    int addr;
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_MemIncr, -1, p->iOffset);
    addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_IfMemNeg, p->iOffset, 0);
    if( nPop>0 ){
      sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_Pop, nPop, 0);
    }
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_Goto, 0, iContinue);
    VdbeComment((v, "# skip OFFSET records"));
    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr);
  }
}

/*
** Add code that will check to make sure the top N elements of the
** stack are distinct.  iTab is a sorting index that holds previously
** seen combinations of the N values.  A new entry is made in iTab
** if the current N values are new.
**
** A jump to addrRepeat is made and the N+1 values are popped from the
** stack if the top N elements are not distinct.
*/
static void codeDistinct(
  Vdbe *v,           /* Generate code into this VM */
  int iTab,          /* A sorting index used to test for distinctness */
  int addrRepeat,    /* Jump to here if not distinct */
  int N              /* The top N elements of the stack must be distinct */
){
  sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_MakeRecord, -N, 0);
  sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_Distinct, iTab, sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v)+3);
  sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_Pop, N+1, 0);
  sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_Goto, 0, addrRepeat);
  VdbeComment((v, "# skip indistinct records"));
  sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_IdxInsert, iTab, 0);
}


/*
** This routine generates the code for the inside of the inner loop
** of a SELECT.
**
** If srcTab and nColumn are both zero, then the pEList expressions
** are evaluated in order to get the data for this row.  If nColumn>0
** then data is pulled from srcTab and pEList is used only to get the
** datatypes for each column.
*/
static int selectInnerLoop(
  Parse *pParse,          /* The parser context */
  Select *p,              /* The complete select statement being coded */
  ExprList *pEList,       /* List of values being extracted */
  int srcTab,             /* Pull data from this table */
  int nColumn,            /* Number of columns in the source table */
  ExprList *pOrderBy,     /* If not NULL, sort results using this key */
  int distinct,           /* If >=0, make sure results are distinct */
  int eDest,              /* How to dispose of the results */
  int iParm,              /* An argument to the disposal method */
  int iContinue,          /* Jump here to continue with next row */
  int iBreak,             /* Jump here to break out of the inner loop */
  char *aff               /* affinity string if eDest is SRT_Union */
){
  Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;
  int i;
  int hasDistinct;        /* True if the DISTINCT keyword is present */

  if( v==0 ) return 0;
  assert( pEList!=0 );

  /* If there was a LIMIT clause on the SELECT statement, then do the check
  ** to see if this row should be output.
  */
  hasDistinct = distinct>=0 && pEList->nExpr>0;
  if( pOrderBy==0 && !hasDistinct ){
    codeOffset(v, p, iContinue, 0);
  }

  /* Pull the requested columns.
  */
  if( nColumn>0 ){
    for(i=0; i<nColumn; i++){
      sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_Column, srcTab, i);
    }
  }else{
    nColumn = pEList->nExpr;
    sqlite3ExprCodeExprList(pParse, pEList);
  }

  /* If the DISTINCT keyword was present on the SELECT statement
  ** and this row has been seen before, then do not make this row
  ** part of the result.
  */
  if( hasDistinct ){
    assert( pEList!=0 );
    assert( pEList->nExpr==nColumn );
    codeDistinct(v, distinct, iContinue, nColumn);
    if( pOrderBy==0 ){
      codeOffset(v, p, iContinue, nColumn);
    }
  }

  switch( eDest ){
    /* In this mode, write each query result to the key of the temporary
    ** table iParm.
    */
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_COMPOUND_SELECT
    case SRT_Union: {
      sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_MakeRecord, nColumn, 0);
      if( aff ){
        sqlite3VdbeChangeP3(v, -1, aff, P3_STATIC);
      }
      sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_IdxInsert, iParm, 0);
      break;
    }

    /* Construct a record from the query result, but instead of
    ** saving that record, use it as a key to delete elements from
    ** the temporary table iParm.
    */
    case SRT_Except: {
      int addr;
      addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_MakeRecord, nColumn, 0);
      sqlite3VdbeChangeP3(v, -1, aff, P3_STATIC);
      sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_NotFound, iParm, addr+3);
      sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_Delete, iParm, 0);
      break;
    }
#endif

    /* Store the result as data using a unique key.
    */
    case SRT_Table:
    case SRT_EphemTab: {
      sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_MakeRecord, nColumn, 0);
      if( pOrderBy ){
        pushOntoSorter(pParse, pOrderBy, p);
      }else{
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_NewRowid, iParm, 0);
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_Pull, 1, 0);
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_Insert, iParm, OPFLAG_APPEND);
      }
      break;
    }

#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY
    /* If we are creating a set for an "expr IN (SELECT ...)" construct,
    ** then there should be a single item on the stack.  Write this
    ** item into the set table with bogus data.
    */
    case SRT_Set: {
      int addr1 = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
      int addr2;

      assert( nColumn==1 );
      sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_NotNull, -1, addr1+3);
      sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_Pop, 1, 0);
      addr2 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_Goto, 0, 0);
      p->affinity = sqlite3CompareAffinity(pEList->a[0].pExpr,(iParm>>16)&0xff);
      if( pOrderBy ){
        /* At first glance you would think we could optimize out the
        ** ORDER BY in this case since the order of entries in the set
        ** does not matter.  But there might be a LIMIT clause, in which
        ** case the order does matter */
        pushOntoSorter(pParse, pOrderBy, p);
      }else{
        sqlite3VdbeOp3(v, OP_MakeRecord, 1, 0, &p->affinity, 1);
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_IdxInsert, (iParm&0x0000FFFF), 0);
      }
      sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr2);
      break;
    }

    /* If any row exist in the result set, record that fact and abort.
    */
    case SRT_Exists: {
      sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_MemInt, 1, iParm);
      sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_Pop, nColumn, 0);
      /* The LIMIT clause will terminate the loop for us */
      break;
    }

    /* If this is a scalar select that is part of an expression, then
    ** store the results in the appropriate memory cell and break out
    ** of the scan loop.
    */
    case SRT_Mem: {
      assert( nColumn==1 );
      if( pOrderBy ){
        pushOntoSorter(pParse, pOrderBy, p);
      }else{
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_MemStore, iParm, 1);
        /* The LIMIT clause will jump out of the loop for us */
      }
      break;
    }
#endif /* #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY */

    /* Send the data to the callback function or to a subroutine.  In the
    ** case of a subroutine, the subroutine itself is responsible for
    ** popping the data from the stack.
    */
    case SRT_Subroutine:
    case SRT_Callback: {
      if( pOrderBy ){
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_MakeRecord, nColumn, 0);
        pushOntoSorter(pParse, pOrderBy, p);
      }else if( eDest==SRT_Subroutine ){
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_Gosub, 0, iParm);
      }else{
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_Callback, nColumn, 0);
      }
      break;
    }

#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER)
    /* Discard the results.  This is used for SELECT statements inside
    ** the body of a TRIGGER.  The purpose of such selects is to call
    ** user-defined functions that have side effects.  We do not care
    ** about the actual results of the select.
    */
    default: {
      assert( eDest==SRT_Discard );
      sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_Pop, nColumn, 0);
      break;
    }
#endif
  }

  /* Jump to the end of the loop if the LIMIT is reached.
  */
  if( p->iLimit>=0 && pOrderBy==0 ){
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_MemIncr, -1, p->iLimit);
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_IfMemZero, p->iLimit, iBreak);
  }
  return 0;
}

/*
** Given an expression list, generate a KeyInfo structure that records
** the collating sequence for each expression in that expression list.
**
** If the ExprList is an ORDER BY or GROUP BY clause then the resulting
** KeyInfo structure is appropriate for initializing a virtual index to
** implement that clause.  If the ExprList is the result set of a SELECT
** then the KeyInfo structure is appropriate for initializing a virtual
** index to implement a DISTINCT test.
**
** Space to hold the KeyInfo structure is obtain from malloc.  The calling
** function is responsible for seeing that this structure is eventually
** freed.  Add the KeyInfo structure to the P3 field of an opcode using
** P3_KEYINFO_HANDOFF is the usual way of dealing with this.
*/
static KeyInfo *keyInfoFromExprList(Parse *pParse, ExprList *pList){
  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
  int nExpr;
  KeyInfo *pInfo;
  struct ExprList_item *pItem;
  int i;

  nExpr = pList->nExpr;
  pInfo = sqliteMalloc( sizeof(*pInfo) + nExpr*(sizeof(CollSeq*)+1) );
  if( pInfo ){
    pInfo->aSortOrder = (u8*)&pInfo->aColl[nExpr];
    pInfo->nField = nExpr;
    pInfo->enc = ENC(db);
    for(i=0, pItem=pList->a; i<nExpr; i++, pItem++){
      CollSeq *pColl;
      pColl = sqlite3ExprCollSeq(pParse, pItem->pExpr);
      if( !pColl ){
        pColl = db->pDfltColl;
      }
      pInfo->aColl[i] = pColl;
      pInfo->aSortOrder[i] = pItem->sortOrder;
    }
  }
  return pInfo;
}


/*
** If the inner loop was generated using a non-null pOrderBy argument,
** then the results were placed in a sorter.  After the loop is terminated
** we need to run the sorter and output the results.  The following
** routine generates the code needed to do that.
*/
static void generateSortTail(
  Parse *pParse,   /* Parsing context */
  Select *p,       /* The SELECT statement */
  Vdbe *v,         /* Generate code into this VDBE */
  int nColumn,     /* Number of columns of data */
  int eDest,       /* Write the sorted results here */
  int iParm        /* Optional parameter associated with eDest */
){
  int brk = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
  int cont = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
  int addr;
  int iTab;
  int pseudoTab = 0;
  ExprList *pOrderBy = p->pOrderBy;

  iTab = pOrderBy->iECursor;
  if( eDest==SRT_Callback || eDest==SRT_Subroutine ){
    pseudoTab = pParse->nTab++;
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_OpenPseudo, pseudoTab, 0);
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_SetNumColumns, pseudoTab, nColumn);
  }
  addr = 1 + sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_Sort, iTab, brk);
  codeOffset(v, p, cont, 0);
  if( eDest==SRT_Callback || eDest==SRT_Subroutine ){
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_Integer, 1, 0);
  }
  sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_Column, iTab, pOrderBy->nExpr + 1);
  switch( eDest ){
    case SRT_Table:
    case SRT_EphemTab: {
      sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_NewRowid, iParm, 0);
      sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_Pull, 1, 0);
      sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_Insert, iParm, OPFLAG_APPEND);
      break;
    }
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY
    case SRT_Set: {
      assert( nColumn==1 );
      sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_NotNull, -1, sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v)+3);
      sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_Pop, 1, 0);
      sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_Goto, 0, sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v)+3);
      sqlite3VdbeOp3(v, OP_MakeRecord, 1, 0, &p->affinity, 1);
      sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_IdxInsert, (iParm&0x0000FFFF), 0);
      break;
    }
    case SRT_Mem: {
      assert( nColumn==1 );
      sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_MemStore, iParm, 1);
      /* The LIMIT clause will terminate the loop for us */
      break;
    }
#endif
    case SRT_Callback:
    case SRT_Subroutine: {
      int i;
      sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_Insert, pseudoTab, 0);
      for(i=0; i<nColumn; i++){
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_Column, pseudoTab, i);
      }
      if( eDest==SRT_Callback ){
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_Callback, nColumn, 0);
      }else{
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_Gosub, 0, iParm);
      }
      break;
    }
    default: {
      /* Do nothing */
      break;
    }
  }

  /* Jump to the end of the loop when the LIMIT is reached
  */
  if( p->iLimit>=0 ){
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_MemIncr, -1, p->iLimit);
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_IfMemZero, p->iLimit, brk);
  }

  /* The bottom of the loop
  */
  sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, cont);
  sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_Next, iTab, addr);
  sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, brk);
  if( eDest==SRT_Callback || eDest==SRT_Subroutine ){
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_Close, pseudoTab, 0);
  }

}

/*
** Return a pointer to a string containing the 'declaration type' of the
** expression pExpr. The string may be treated as static by the caller.
**
** The declaration type is the exact datatype definition extracted from the
** original CREATE TABLE statement if the expression is a column. The
** declaration type for a ROWID field is INTEGER. Exactly when an expression
** is considered a column can be complex in the presence of subqueries. The
** result-set expression in all of the following SELECT statements is 
** considered a column by this function.
**
**   SELECT col FROM tbl;
**   SELECT (SELECT col FROM tbl;
**   SELECT (SELECT col FROM tbl);
**   SELECT abc FROM (SELECT col AS abc FROM tbl);
** 
** The declaration type for any expression other than a column is NULL.
*/
static const char *columnType(
  NameContext *pNC, 
  Expr *pExpr,
  const char **pzOriginDb,
  const char **pzOriginTab,
  const char **pzOriginCol
){
  char const *zType = 0;
  char const *zOriginDb = 0;
  char const *zOriginTab = 0;
  char const *zOriginCol = 0;
  int j;
  if( pExpr==0 || pNC->pSrcList==0 ) return 0;

  /* The TK_AS operator can only occur in ORDER BY, GROUP BY, HAVING,
  ** and LIMIT clauses.  But pExpr originates in the result set of a
  ** SELECT.  So pExpr can never contain an AS operator.
  */
  assert( pExpr->op!=TK_AS );

  switch( pExpr->op ){
    case TK_AGG_COLUMN:
    case TK_COLUMN: {
      /* The expression is a column. Locate the table the column is being
      ** extracted from in NameContext.pSrcList. This table may be real
      ** database table or a subquery.
      */
      Table *pTab = 0;            /* Table structure column is extracted from */
      Select *pS = 0;             /* Select the column is extracted from */
      int iCol = pExpr->iColumn;  /* Index of column in pTab */
      while( pNC && !pTab ){
        SrcList *pTabList = pNC->pSrcList;
        for(j=0;j<pTabList->nSrc && pTabList->a[j].iCursor!=pExpr->iTable;j++);
        if( j<pTabList->nSrc ){
          pTab = pTabList->a[j].pTab;
          pS = pTabList->a[j].pSelect;
        }else{
          pNC = pNC->pNext;
        }
      }

      if( pTab==0 ){
        /* FIX ME:
        ** This can occurs if you have something like "SELECT new.x;" inside
        ** a trigger.  In other words, if you reference the special "new"
        ** table in the result set of a select.  We do not have a good way
        ** to find the actual table type, so call it "TEXT".  This is really
        ** something of a bug, but I do not know how to fix it.
        **
        ** This code does not produce the correct answer - it just prevents
        ** a segfault.  See ticket #1229.
        */
        zType = "TEXT";
        break;
      }

      assert( pTab );
      if( pS ){
        /* The "table" is actually a sub-select or a view in the FROM clause
        ** of the SELECT statement. Return the declaration type and origin
        ** data for the result-set column of the sub-select.
        */
        if( iCol>=0 && iCol<pS->pEList->nExpr ){
          /* If iCol is less than zero, then the expression requests the
          ** rowid of the sub-select or view. This expression is legal (see 
          ** test case misc2.2.2) - it always evaluates to NULL.
          */
          NameContext sNC;
          Expr *p = pS->pEList->a[iCol].pExpr;
          sNC.pSrcList = pS->pSrc;
          sNC.pNext = 0;
          sNC.pParse = pNC->pParse;
          zType = columnType(&sNC, p, &zOriginDb, &zOriginTab, &zOriginCol); 
        }
      }else if( pTab->pSchema ){
        /* A real table */
        assert( !pS );
        if( iCol<0 ) iCol = pTab->iPKey;
        assert( iCol==-1 || (iCol>=0 && iCol<pTab->nCol) );
        if( iCol<0 ){
          zType = "INTEGER";
          zOriginCol = "rowid";
        }else{
          zType = pTab->aCol[iCol].zType;
          zOriginCol = pTab->aCol[iCol].zName;
        }
        zOriginTab = pTab->zName;
        if( pNC->pParse ){
          int iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(pNC->pParse->db, pTab->pSchema);
          zOriginDb = pNC->pParse->db->aDb[iDb].zName;
        }
      }
      break;
    }
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY
    case TK_SELECT: {
      /* The expression is a sub-select. Return the declaration type and
      ** origin info for the single column in the result set of the SELECT
      ** statement.
      */
      NameContext sNC;
      Select *pS = pExpr->pSelect;
      Expr *p = pS->pEList->a[0].pExpr;
      sNC.pSrcList = pS->pSrc;
      sNC.pNext = pNC;
      sNC.pParse = pNC->pParse;
      zType = columnType(&sNC, p, &zOriginDb, &zOriginTab, &zOriginCol); 
      break;
    }
#endif
  }
  
  if( pzOriginDb ){
    assert( pzOriginTab && pzOriginCol );
    *pzOriginDb = zOriginDb;
    *pzOriginTab = zOriginTab;
    *pzOriginCol = zOriginCol;
  }
  return zType;
}

/*
** Generate code that will tell the VDBE the declaration types of columns
** in the result set.
*/
static void generateColumnTypes(
  Parse *pParse,      /* Parser context */
  SrcList *pTabList,  /* List of tables */
  ExprList *pEList    /* Expressions defining the result set */
){
  Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;
  int i;
  NameContext sNC;
  sNC.pSrcList = pTabList;
  sNC.pParse = pParse;
  for(i=0; i<pEList->nExpr; i++){
    Expr *p = pEList->a[i].pExpr;
    const char *zOrigDb = 0;
    const char *zOrigTab = 0;
    const char *zOrigCol = 0;
    const char *zType = columnType(&sNC, p, &zOrigDb, &zOrigTab, &zOrigCol);

    /* The vdbe must make it's own copy of the column-type and other 
    ** column specific strings, in case the schema is reset before this
    ** virtual machine is deleted.
    */
    sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, i, COLNAME_DECLTYPE, zType, P3_TRANSIENT);
    sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, i, COLNAME_DATABASE, zOrigDb, P3_TRANSIENT);
    sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, i, COLNAME_TABLE, zOrigTab, P3_TRANSIENT);
    sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, i, COLNAME_COLUMN, zOrigCol, P3_TRANSIENT);
  }
}

/*
** Generate code that will tell the VDBE the names of columns
** in the result set.  This information is used to provide the
** azCol[] values in the callback.
*/
static void generateColumnNames(
  Parse *pParse,      /* Parser context */
  SrcList *pTabList,  /* List of tables */
  ExprList *pEList    /* Expressions defining the result set */
){
  Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;
  int i, j;
  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
  int fullNames, shortNames;

#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_EXPLAIN
  /* If this is an EXPLAIN, skip this step */
  if( pParse->explain ){
    return;
  }
#endif

  assert( v!=0 );
  if( pParse->colNamesSet || v==0 || sqlite3MallocFailed() ) return;
  pParse->colNamesSet = 1;
  fullNames = (db->flags & SQLITE_FullColNames)!=0;
  shortNames = (db->flags & SQLITE_ShortColNames)!=0;
  sqlite3VdbeSetNumCols(v, pEList->nExpr);
  for(i=0; i<pEList->nExpr; i++){
    Expr *p;
    p = pEList->a[i].pExpr;
    if( p==0 ) continue;
    if( pEList->a[i].zName ){
      char *zName = pEList->a[i].zName;
      sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, i, COLNAME_NAME, zName, strlen(zName));
      continue;
    }
    if( p->op==TK_COLUMN && pTabList ){
      Table *pTab;
      char *zCol;
      int iCol = p->iColumn;
      for(j=0; j<pTabList->nSrc && pTabList->a[j].iCursor!=p->iTable; j++){}
      assert( j<pTabList->nSrc );
      pTab = pTabList->a[j].pTab;
      if( iCol<0 ) iCol = pTab->iPKey;
      assert( iCol==-1 || (iCol>=0 && iCol<pTab->nCol) );
      if( iCol<0 ){
        zCol = "rowid";
      }else{
        zCol = pTab->aCol[iCol].zName;
      }
      if( !shortNames && !fullNames && p->span.z && p->span.z[0] ){
        sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, i, COLNAME_NAME, (char*)p->span.z, p->span.n);
      }else if( fullNames || (!shortNames && pTabList->nSrc>1) ){
        char *zName = 0;
        char *zTab;
 
        zTab = pTabList->a[j].zAlias;
        if( fullNames || zTab==0 ) zTab = pTab->zName;
        sqlite3SetString(&zName, zTab, ".", zCol, (char*)0);
        sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, i, COLNAME_NAME, zName, P3_DYNAMIC);
      }else{
        sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, i, COLNAME_NAME, zCol, strlen(zCol));
      }
    }else if( p->span.z && p->span.z[0] ){
      sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, i, COLNAME_NAME, (char*)p->span.z, p->span.n);
      /* sqlite3VdbeCompressSpace(v, addr); */
    }else{
      char zName[30];
      assert( p->op!=TK_COLUMN || pTabList==0 );
      sprintf(zName, "column%d", i+1);
      sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, i, COLNAME_NAME, zName, 0);
    }
  }
  generateColumnTypes(pParse, pTabList, pEList);
}

#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_COMPOUND_SELECT
/*
** Name of the connection operator, used for error messages.
*/
static const char *selectOpName(int id){
  char *z;
  switch( id ){
    case TK_ALL:       z = "UNION ALL";   break;
    case TK_INTERSECT: z = "INTERSECT";   break;
    case TK_EXCEPT:    z = "EXCEPT";      break;
    default:           z = "UNION";       break;
  }
  return z;
}
#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_COMPOUND_SELECT */

/*
** Forward declaration
*/
static int prepSelectStmt(Parse*, Select*);

/*
** Given a SELECT statement, generate a Table structure that describes
** the result set of that SELECT.
*/
Table *sqlite3ResultSetOfSelect(Parse *pParse, char *zTabName, Select *pSelect){
  Table *pTab;
  int i, j;
  ExprList *pEList;
  Column *aCol, *pCol;

  while( pSelect->pPrior ) pSelect = pSelect->pPrior;
  if( prepSelectStmt(pParse, pSelect) ){
    return 0;
  }
  if( sqlite3SelectResolve(pParse, pSelect, 0) ){
    return 0;
  }
  pTab = sqliteMalloc( sizeof(Table) );
  if( pTab==0 ){
    return 0;
  }
  pTab->nRef = 1;
  pTab->zName = zTabName ? sqliteStrDup(zTabName) : 0;
  pEList = pSelect->pEList;
  pTab->nCol = pEList->nExpr;
  assert( pTab->nCol>0 );
  pTab->aCol = aCol = sqliteMalloc( sizeof(pTab->aCol[0])*pTab->nCol );
  for(i=0, pCol=aCol; i<pTab->nCol; i++, pCol++){
    Expr *p, *pR;
    char *zType;
    char *zName;
    int nName;
    CollSeq *pColl;
    int cnt;
    NameContext sNC;
    
    /* Get an appropriate name for the column
    */
    p = pEList->a[i].pExpr;
    assert( p->pRight==0 || p->pRight->token.z==0 || p->pRight->token.z[0]!=0 );
    if( (zName = pEList->a[i].zName)!=0 ){
      /* If the column contains an "AS <name>" phrase, use <name> as the name */
      zName = sqliteStrDup(zName);
    }else if( p->op==TK_DOT 
              && (pR=p->pRight)!=0 && pR->token.z && pR->token.z[0] ){
      /* For columns of the from A.B use B as the name */
      zName = sqlite3MPrintf("%T", &pR->token);
    }else if( p->span.z && p->span.z[0] ){
      /* Use the original text of the column expression as its name */
      zName = sqlite3MPrintf("%T", &p->span);
    }else{
      /* If all else fails, make up a name */
      zName = sqlite3MPrintf("column%d", i+1);
    }
    sqlite3Dequote(zName);
    if( sqlite3MallocFailed() ){
      sqliteFree(zName);
      sqlite3DeleteTable(pTab);
      return 0;
    }

    /* Make sure the column name is unique.  If the name is not unique,
    ** append a integer to the name so that it becomes unique.
    */
    nName = strlen(zName);
    for(j=cnt=0; j<i; j++){
      if( sqlite3StrICmp(aCol[j].zName, zName)==0 ){
        zName[nName] = 0;
        zName = sqlite3MPrintf("%z:%d", zName, ++cnt);
        j = -1;
        if( zName==0 ) break;
      }
    }
    pCol->zName = zName;

    /* Get the typename, type affinity, and collating sequence for the
    ** column.
    */
    memset(&sNC, 0, sizeof(sNC));
    sNC.pSrcList = pSelect->pSrc;
    zType = sqliteStrDup(columnType(&sNC, p, 0, 0, 0));
    pCol->zType = zType;
    pCol->affinity = sqlite3ExprAffinity(p);
    pColl = sqlite3ExprCollSeq(pParse, p);
    if( pColl ){
      pCol->zColl = sqliteStrDup(pColl->zName);
    }
  }
  pTab->iPKey = -1;
  return pTab;
}

/*
** Prepare a SELECT statement for processing by doing the following
** things:
**
**    (1)  Make sure VDBE cursor numbers have been assigned to every
**         element of the FROM clause.
**
**    (2)  Fill in the pTabList->a[].pTab fields in the SrcList that 
**         defines FROM clause.  When views appear in the FROM clause,
**         fill pTabList->a[].pSelect with a copy of the SELECT statement
**         that implements the view.  A copy is made of the view's SELECT
**         statement so that we can freely modify or delete that statement
**         without worrying about messing up the presistent representation
**         of the view.
**
**    (3)  Add terms to the WHERE clause to accomodate the NATURAL keyword
**         on joins and the ON and USING clause of joins.
**
**    (4)  Scan the list of columns in the result set (pEList) looking
**         for instances of the "*" operator or the TABLE.* operator.
**         If found, expand each "*" to be every column in every table
**         and TABLE.* to be every column in TABLE.
**
** Return 0 on success.  If there are problems, leave an error message
** in pParse and return non-zero.
*/
static int prepSelectStmt(Parse *pParse, Select *p){
  int i, j, k, rc;
  SrcList *pTabList;
  ExprList *pEList;
  struct SrcList_item *pFrom;

  if( p==0 || p->pSrc==0 || sqlite3MallocFailed() ){
    return 1;
  }
  pTabList = p->pSrc;
  pEList = p->pEList;

  /* Make sure cursor numbers have been assigned to all entries in
  ** the FROM clause of the SELECT statement.
  */
  sqlite3SrcListAssignCursors(pParse, p->pSrc);

  /* Look up every table named in the FROM clause of the select.  If
  ** an entry of the FROM clause is a subquery instead of a table or view,
  ** then create a transient table structure to describe the subquery.
  */
  for(i=0, pFrom=pTabList->a; i<pTabList->nSrc; i++, pFrom++){
    Table *pTab;
    if( pFrom->pTab!=0 ){
      /* This statement has already been prepared.  There is no need
      ** to go further. */
      assert( i==0 );
      return 0;
    }
    if( pFrom->zName==0 ){
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY
      /* A sub-query in the FROM clause of a SELECT */
      assert( pFrom->pSelect!=0 );
      if( pFrom->zAlias==0 ){
        pFrom->zAlias =
          sqlite3MPrintf("sqlite_subquery_%p_", (void*)pFrom->pSelect);
      }
      assert( pFrom->pTab==0 );
      pFrom->pTab = pTab = 
        sqlite3ResultSetOfSelect(pParse, pFrom->zAlias, pFrom->pSelect);
      if( pTab==0 ){
        return 1;
      }
      /* The isEphem flag indicates that the Table structure has been
      ** dynamically allocated and may be freed at any time.  In other words,
      ** pTab is not pointing to a persistent table structure that defines
      ** part of the schema. */
      pTab->isEphem = 1;
#endif
    }else{
      /* An ordinary table or view name in the FROM clause */
      assert( pFrom->pTab==0 );
      pFrom->pTab = pTab = 
        sqlite3LocateTable(pParse,pFrom->zName,pFrom->zDatabase);
      if( pTab==0 ){
        return 1;
      }
      pTab->nRef++;
#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_VIEW) || !defined (SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE)
      if( pTab->pSelect || IsVirtual(pTab) ){
        /* We reach here if the named table is a really a view */
        if( sqlite3ViewGetColumnNames(pParse, pTab) ){
          return 1;
        }
        /* If pFrom->pSelect!=0 it means we are dealing with a
        ** view within a view.  The SELECT structure has already been
        ** copied by the outer view so we can skip the copy step here
        ** in the inner view.
        */
        if( pFrom->pSelect==0 ){
          pFrom->pSelect = sqlite3SelectDup(pTab->pSelect);
        }
      }
#endif
    }
  }

  /* Process NATURAL keywords, and ON and USING clauses of joins.
  */
  if( sqliteProcessJoin(pParse, p) ) return 1;

  /* For every "*" that occurs in the column list, insert the names of
  ** all columns in all tables.  And for every TABLE.* insert the names
  ** of all columns in TABLE.  The parser inserted a special expression
  ** with the TK_ALL operator for each "*" that it found in the column list.
  ** The following code just has to locate the TK_ALL expressions and expand
  ** each one to the list of all columns in all tables.
  **
  ** The first loop just checks to see if there are any "*" operators
  ** that need expanding.
  */
  for(k=0; k<pEList->nExpr; k++){
    Expr *pE = pEList->a[k].pExpr;
    if( pE->op==TK_ALL ) break;
    if( pE->op==TK_DOT && pE->pRight && pE->pRight->op==TK_ALL
         && pE->pLeft && pE->pLeft->op==TK_ID ) break;
  }
  rc = 0;
  if( k<pEList->nExpr ){
    /*
    ** If we get here it means the result set contains one or more "*"
    ** operators that need to be expanded.  Loop through each expression
    ** in the result set and expand them one by one.
    */
    struct ExprList_item *a = pEList->a;
    ExprList *pNew = 0;
    int flags = pParse->db->flags;
    int longNames = (flags & SQLITE_FullColNames)!=0 &&
                      (flags & SQLITE_ShortColNames)==0;

    for(k=0; k<pEList->nExpr; k++){
      Expr *pE = a[k].pExpr;
      if( pE->op!=TK_ALL &&
           (pE->op!=TK_DOT || pE->pRight==0 || pE->pRight->op!=TK_ALL) ){
        /* This particular expression does not need to be expanded.
        */
        pNew = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pNew, a[k].pExpr, 0);
        if( pNew ){
          pNew->a[pNew->nExpr-1].zName = a[k].zName;
        }else{
          rc = 1;
        }
        a[k].pExpr = 0;
        a[k].zName = 0;
      }else{
        /* This expression is a "*" or a "TABLE.*" and needs to be
        ** expanded. */
        int tableSeen = 0;      /* Set to 1 when TABLE matches */
        char *zTName;            /* text of name of TABLE */
        if( pE->op==TK_DOT && pE->pLeft ){
          zTName = sqlite3NameFromToken(&pE->pLeft->token);
        }else{
          zTName = 0;
        }
        for(i=0, pFrom=pTabList->a; i<pTabList->nSrc; i++, pFrom++){
          Table *pTab = pFrom->pTab;
          char *zTabName = pFrom->zAlias;
          if( zTabName==0 || zTabName[0]==0 ){ 
            zTabName = pTab->zName;
          }
          if( zTName && (zTabName==0 || zTabName[0]==0 || 
                 sqlite3StrICmp(zTName, zTabName)!=0) ){
            continue;
          }
          tableSeen = 1;
          for(j=0; j<pTab->nCol; j++){
            Expr *pExpr, *pRight;
            char *zName = pTab->aCol[j].zName;

            if( i>0 ){
              struct SrcList_item *pLeft = &pTabList->a[i-1];
              if( (pLeft[1].jointype & JT_NATURAL)!=0 &&
                        columnIndex(pLeft->pTab, zName)>=0 ){
                /* In a NATURAL join, omit the join columns from the 
                ** table on the right */
                continue;
              }
              if( sqlite3IdListIndex(pLeft[1].pUsing, zName)>=0 ){
                /* In a join with a USING clause, omit columns in the
                ** using clause from the table on the right. */
                continue;
              }
            }
            pRight = sqlite3Expr(TK_ID, 0, 0, 0);
            if( pRight==0 ) break;
            setToken(&pRight->token, zName);
            if( zTabName && (longNames || pTabList->nSrc>1) ){
              Expr *pLeft = sqlite3Expr(TK_ID, 0, 0, 0);
              pExpr = sqlite3Expr(TK_DOT, pLeft, pRight, 0);
              if( pExpr==0 ) break;
              setToken(&pLeft->token, zTabName);
              setToken(&pExpr->span, sqlite3MPrintf("%s.%s", zTabName, zName));
              pExpr->span.dyn = 1;
              pExpr->token.z = 0;
              pExpr->token.n = 0;
              pExpr->token.dyn = 0;
            }else{
              pExpr = pRight;
              pExpr->span = pExpr->token;
            }
            if( longNames ){
              pNew = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pNew, pExpr, &pExpr->span);
            }else{
              pNew = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pNew, pExpr, &pRight->token);
            }
          }
        }
        if( !tableSeen ){
          if( zTName ){
            sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "no such table: %s", zTName);
          }else{
            sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "no tables specified");
          }
          rc = 1;
        }
        sqliteFree(zTName);
      }
    }
    sqlite3ExprListDelete(pEList);
    p->pEList = pNew;
  }
  return rc;
}

#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_COMPOUND_SELECT
/*
** This routine associates entries in an ORDER BY expression list with
** columns in a result.  For each ORDER BY expression, the opcode of
** the top-level node is changed to TK_COLUMN and the iColumn value of
** the top-level node is filled in with column number and the iTable
** value of the top-level node is filled with iTable parameter.
**
** If there are prior SELECT clauses, they are processed first.  A match
** in an earlier SELECT takes precedence over a later SELECT.
**
** Any entry that does not match is flagged as an error.  The number
** of errors is returned.
*/
static int matchOrderbyToColumn(
  Parse *pParse,          /* A place to leave error messages */
  Select *pSelect,        /* Match to result columns of this SELECT */
  ExprList *pOrderBy,     /* The ORDER BY values to match against columns */
  int iTable,             /* Insert this value in iTable */
  int mustComplete        /* If TRUE all ORDER BYs must match */
){
  int nErr = 0;
  int i, j;
  ExprList *pEList;

  if( pSelect==0 || pOrderBy==0 ) return 1;
  if( mustComplete ){
    for(i=0; i<pOrderBy->nExpr; i++){ pOrderBy->a[i].done = 0; }
  }
  if( prepSelectStmt(pParse, pSelect) ){
    return 1;
  }
  if( pSelect->pPrior ){
    if( matchOrderbyToColumn(pParse, pSelect->pPrior, pOrderBy, iTable, 0) ){
      return 1;
    }
  }
  pEList = pSelect->pEList;
  for(i=0; i<pOrderBy->nExpr; i++){
    struct ExprList_item *pItem;
    Expr *pE = pOrderBy->a[i].pExpr;
    int iCol = -1;
    char *zLabel;

    if( pOrderBy->a[i].done ) continue;
    if( sqlite3ExprIsInteger(pE, &iCol) ){
      if( iCol<=0 || iCol>pEList->nExpr ){
        sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse,
          "ORDER BY position %d should be between 1 and %d",
          iCol, pEList->nExpr);
        nErr++;
        break;
      }
      if( !mustComplete ) continue;
      iCol--;
    }
    if( iCol<0 && (zLabel = sqlite3NameFromToken(&pE->token))!=0 ){
      for(j=0, pItem=pEList->a; j<pEList->nExpr; j++, pItem++){
        char *zName;
        int isMatch;
        if( pItem->zName ){
          zName = sqlite3StrDup(pItem->zName);
        }else{
          zName = sqlite3NameFromToken(&pItem->pExpr->token);
        }
        isMatch = zName && sqlite3StrICmp(zName, zLabel)==0;
        sqliteFree(zName);
        if( isMatch ){
          iCol = j;
          break;
        }
      }
      sqliteFree(zLabel);
    }
    if( iCol>=0 ){
      pE->op = TK_COLUMN;
      pE->iColumn = iCol;
      pE->iTable = iTable;
      pE->iAgg = -1;
      pOrderBy->a[i].done = 1;
    }else if( mustComplete ){
      sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse,
        "ORDER BY term number %d does not match any result column", i+1);
      nErr++;
      break;
    }
  }
  return nErr;  
}
#endif /* #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_COMPOUND_SELECT */

/*
** Get a VDBE for the given parser context.  Create a new one if necessary.
** If an error occurs, return NULL and leave a message in pParse.
*/
Vdbe *sqlite3GetVdbe(Parse *pParse){
  Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;
  if( v==0 ){
    v = pParse->pVdbe = sqlite3VdbeCreate(pParse->db);
  }
  return v;
}


/*
** Compute the iLimit and iOffset fields of the SELECT based on the
** pLimit and pOffset expressions.  pLimit and pOffset hold the expressions
** that appear in the original SQL statement after the LIMIT and OFFSET
** keywords.  Or NULL if those keywords are omitted. iLimit and iOffset 
** are the integer memory register numbers for counters used to compute 
** the limit and offset.  If there is no limit and/or offset, then 
** iLimit and iOffset are negative.
**
** This routine changes the values of iLimit and iOffset only if
** a limit or offset is defined by pLimit and pOffset.  iLimit and
** iOffset should have been preset to appropriate default values
** (usually but not always -1) prior to calling this routine.
** Only if pLimit!=0 or pOffset!=0 do the limit registers get
** redefined.  The UNION ALL operator uses this property to force
** the reuse of the same limit and offset registers across multiple
** SELECT statements.
*/
static void computeLimitRegisters(Parse *pParse, Select *p, int iBreak){
  Vdbe *v = 0;
  int iLimit = 0;
  int iOffset;
  int addr1, addr2;

  /* 
  ** "LIMIT -1" always shows all rows.  There is some
  ** contraversy about what the correct behavior should be.
  ** The current implementation interprets "LIMIT 0" to mean
  ** no rows.
  */
  if( p->pLimit ){
    p->iLimit = iLimit = pParse->nMem;
    pParse->nMem += 2;
    v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
    if( v==0 ) return;
    sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, p->pLimit);
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_MustBeInt, 0, 0);
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_MemStore, iLimit, 0);
    VdbeComment((v, "# LIMIT counter"));
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_IfMemZero, iLimit, iBreak);
  }
  if( p->pOffset ){
    p->iOffset = iOffset = pParse->nMem++;
    v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
    if( v==0 ) return;
    sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, p->pOffset);
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_MustBeInt, 0, 0);
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_MemStore, iOffset, p->pLimit==0);
    VdbeComment((v, "# OFFSET counter"));
    addr1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_IfMemPos, iOffset, 0);
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_Pop, 1, 0);
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_Integer, 0, 0);
    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr1);
    if( p->pLimit ){
      sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_Add, 0, 0);
    }
  }
  if( p->pLimit ){
    addr1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_IfMemPos, iLimit, 0);
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_Pop, 1, 0);
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_MemInt, -1, iLimit+1);
    addr2 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_Goto, 0, 0);
    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr1);
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_MemStore, iLimit+1, 1);
    VdbeComment((v, "# LIMIT+OFFSET"));
    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr2);
  }
}

/*
** Allocate a virtual index to use for sorting.
*/
static void createSortingIndex(Parse *pParse, Select *p, ExprList *pOrderBy){
  if( pOrderBy ){
    int addr;
    assert( pOrderBy->iECursor==0 );
    pOrderBy->iECursor = pParse->nTab++;
    addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp(pParse->pVdbe, OP_OpenEphemeral,
                            pOrderBy->iECursor, pOrderBy->nExpr+1);
    assert( p->addrOpenEphm[2] == -1 );
    p->addrOpenEphm[2] = addr;
  }
}

#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_COMPOUND_SELECT
/*
** Return the appropriate collating sequence for the iCol-th column of
** the result set for the compound-select statement "p".  Return NULL if
** the column has no default collating sequence.
**
** The collating sequence for the compound select is taken from the
** left-most term of the select that has a collating sequence.
*/
static CollSeq *multiSelectCollSeq(Parse *pParse, Select *p, int iCol){
  CollSeq *pRet;
  if( p->pPrior ){
    pRet = multiSelectCollSeq(pParse, p->pPrior, iCol);
  }else{
    pRet = 0;
  }
  if( pRet==0 ){
    pRet = sqlite3ExprCollSeq(pParse, p->pEList->a[iCol].pExpr);
  }
  return pRet;
}
#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_COMPOUND_SELECT */

#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_COMPOUND_SELECT
/*
** This routine is called to process a query that is really the union
** or intersection of two or more separate queries.
**
** "p" points to the right-most of the two queries.  the query on the
** left is p->pPrior.  The left query could also be a compound query
** in which case this routine will be called recursively. 
**
** The results of the total query are to be written into a destination
** of type eDest with parameter iParm.
**
** Example 1:  Consider a three-way compound SQL statement.
**
**     SELECT a FROM t1 UNION SELECT b FROM t2 UNION SELECT c FROM t3
**
** This statement is parsed up as follows:
**
**     SELECT c FROM t3
**      |
**      `----->  SELECT b FROM t2
**                |
**                `------>  SELECT a FROM t1
**
** The arrows in the diagram above represent the Select.pPrior pointer.
** So if this routine is called with p equal to the t3 query, then
** pPrior will be the t2 query.  p->op will be TK_UNION in this case.
**
** Notice that because of the way SQLite parses compound SELECTs, the
** individual selects always group from left to right.
*/
static int multiSelect(
  Parse *pParse,        /* Parsing context */
  Select *p,            /* The right-most of SELECTs to be coded */
  int eDest,            /* \___  Store query results as specified */
  int iParm,            /* /     by these two parameters.         */
  char *aff             /* If eDest is SRT_Union, the affinity string */
){
  int rc = SQLITE_OK;   /* Success code from a subroutine */
  Select *pPrior;       /* Another SELECT immediately to our left */
  Vdbe *v;              /* Generate code to this VDBE */
  int nCol;             /* Number of columns in the result set */
  ExprList *pOrderBy;   /* The ORDER BY clause on p */
  int aSetP2[2];        /* Set P2 value of these op to number of columns */
  int nSetP2 = 0;       /* Number of slots in aSetP2[] used */

  /* Make sure there is no ORDER BY or LIMIT clause on prior SELECTs.  Only
  ** the last (right-most) SELECT in the series may have an ORDER BY or LIMIT.
  */
  if( p==0 || p->pPrior==0 ){
    rc = 1;
    goto multi_select_end;
  }
  pPrior = p->pPrior;
  assert( pPrior->pRightmost!=pPrior );
  assert( pPrior->pRightmost==p->pRightmost );
  if( pPrior->pOrderBy ){
    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse,"ORDER BY clause should come after %s not before",
      selectOpName(p->op));
    rc = 1;
    goto multi_select_end;
  }
  if( pPrior->pLimit ){
    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse,"LIMIT clause should come after %s not before",
      selectOpName(p->op));
    rc = 1;
    goto multi_select_end;
  }

  /* Make sure we have a valid query engine.  If not, create a new one.
  */
  v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
  if( v==0 ){
    rc = 1;
    goto multi_select_end;
  }

  /* Create the destination temporary table if necessary
  */
  if( eDest==SRT_EphemTab ){
    assert( p->pEList );
    assert( nSetP2<sizeof(aSetP2)/sizeof(aSetP2[0]) );
    aSetP2[nSetP2++] = sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_OpenEphemeral, iParm, 0);
    eDest = SRT_Table;
  }

  /* Generate code for the left and right SELECT statements.
  */
  pOrderBy = p->pOrderBy;
  switch( p->op ){
    case TK_ALL: {
      if( pOrderBy==0 ){
        int addr = 0;
        assert( !pPrior->pLimit );
        pPrior->pLimit = p->pLimit;
        pPrior->pOffset = p->pOffset;
        rc = sqlite3Select(pParse, pPrior, eDest, iParm, 0, 0, 0, aff);
        p->pLimit = 0;
        p->pOffset = 0;
        if( rc ){
          goto multi_select_end;
        }
        p->pPrior = 0;
        p->iLimit = pPrior->iLimit;
        p->iOffset = pPrior->iOffset;
        if( p->iLimit>=0 ){
          addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_IfMemZero, p->iLimit, 0);
          VdbeComment((v, "# Jump ahead if LIMIT reached"));
        }
        rc = sqlite3Select(pParse, p, eDest, iParm, 0, 0, 0, aff);
        p->pPrior = pPrior;
        if( rc ){
          goto multi_select_end;
        }
        if( addr ){
          sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr);
        }
        break;
      }
      /* For UNION ALL ... ORDER BY fall through to the next case */
    }
    case TK_EXCEPT:
    case TK_UNION: {
      int unionTab;    /* Cursor number of the temporary table holding result */
      int op = 0;      /* One of the SRT_ operations to apply to self */
      int priorOp;     /* The SRT_ operation to apply to prior selects */
      Expr *pLimit, *pOffset; /* Saved values of p->nLimit and p->nOffset */
      int addr;

      priorOp = p->op==TK_ALL ? SRT_Table : SRT_Union;
      if( eDest==priorOp && pOrderBy==0 && !p->pLimit && !p->pOffset ){
        /* We can reuse a temporary table generated by a SELECT to our
        ** right.
        */
        unionTab = iParm;
      }else{
        /* We will need to create our own temporary table to hold the
        ** intermediate results.
        */
        unionTab = pParse->nTab++;
        if( pOrderBy && matchOrderbyToColumn(pParse, p, pOrderBy, unionTab,1) ){
          rc = 1;
          goto multi_select_end;
        }
        addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_OpenEphemeral, unionTab, 0);
        if( priorOp==SRT_Table ){
          assert( nSetP2<sizeof(aSetP2)/sizeof(aSetP2[0]) );
          aSetP2[nSetP2++] = addr;
        }else{
          assert( p->addrOpenEphm[0] == -1 );
          p->addrOpenEphm[0] = addr;
          p->pRightmost->usesEphm = 1;
        }
        createSortingIndex(pParse, p, pOrderBy);
        assert( p->pEList );
      }

      /* Code the SELECT statements to our left
      */
      assert( !pPrior->pOrderBy );
      rc = sqlite3Select(pParse, pPrior, priorOp, unionTab, 0, 0, 0, aff);
      if( rc ){
        goto multi_select_end;
      }

      /* Code the current SELECT statement
      */
      switch( p->op ){
         case TK_EXCEPT:  op = SRT_Except;   break;
         case TK_UNION:   op = SRT_Union;    break;
         case TK_ALL:     op = SRT_Table;    break;
      }
      p->pPrior = 0;
      p->pOrderBy = 0;
      p->disallowOrderBy = pOrderBy!=0;
      pLimit = p->pLimit;
      p->pLimit = 0;
      pOffset = p->pOffset;
      p->pOffset = 0;
      rc = sqlite3Select(pParse, p, op, unionTab, 0, 0, 0, aff);
      p->pPrior = pPrior;
      p->pOrderBy = pOrderBy;
      sqlite3ExprDelete(p->pLimit);
      p->pLimit = pLimit;
      p->pOffset = pOffset;
      p->iLimit = -1;
      p->iOffset = -1;
      if( rc ){
        goto multi_select_end;
      }


      /* Convert the data in the temporary table into whatever form
      ** it is that we currently need.
      */      
      if( eDest!=priorOp || unionTab!=iParm ){
        int iCont, iBreak, iStart;
        assert( p->pEList );
        if( eDest==SRT_Callback ){
          Select *pFirst = p;
          while( pFirst->pPrior ) pFirst = pFirst->pPrior;
          generateColumnNames(pParse, 0, pFirst->pEList);
        }
        iBreak = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
        iCont = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
        computeLimitRegisters(pParse, p, iBreak);
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_Rewind, unionTab, iBreak);
        iStart = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
        rc = selectInnerLoop(pParse, p, p->pEList, unionTab, p->pEList->nExpr,
                             pOrderBy, -1, eDest, iParm, 
                             iCont, iBreak, 0);
        if( rc ){
          rc = 1;
          goto multi_select_end;
        }
        sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, iCont);
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_Next, unionTab, iStart);
        sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, iBreak);
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_Close, unionTab, 0);
      }
      break;
    }
    case TK_INTERSECT: {
      int tab1, tab2;
      int iCont, iBreak, iStart;
      Expr *pLimit, *pOffset;
      int addr;

      /* INTERSECT is different from the others since it requires
      ** two temporary tables.  Hence it has its own case.  Begin
      ** by allocating the tables we will need.
      */
      tab1 = pParse->nTab++;
      tab2 = pParse->nTab++;
      if( pOrderBy && matchOrderbyToColumn(pParse,p,pOrderBy,tab1,1) ){
        rc = 1;
        goto multi_select_end;
      }
      createSortingIndex(pParse, p, pOrderBy);

      addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_OpenEphemeral, tab1, 0);
      assert( p->addrOpenEphm[0] == -1 );
      p->addrOpenEphm[0] = addr;
      p->pRightmost->usesEphm = 1;
      assert( p->pEList );

      /* Code the SELECTs to our left into temporary table "tab1".
      */
      rc = sqlite3Select(pParse, pPrior, SRT_Union, tab1, 0, 0, 0, aff);
      if( rc ){
        goto multi_select_end;
      }

      /* Code the current SELECT into temporary table "tab2"
      */
      addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_OpenEphemeral, tab2, 0);
      assert( p->addrOpenEphm[1] == -1 );
      p->addrOpenEphm[1] = addr;
      p->pPrior = 0;
      pLimit = p->pLimit;
      p->pLimit = 0;
      pOffset = p->pOffset;
      p->pOffset = 0;
      rc = sqlite3Select(pParse, p, SRT_Union, tab2, 0, 0, 0, aff);
      p->pPrior = pPrior;
      sqlite3ExprDelete(p->pLimit);
      p->pLimit = pLimit;
      p->pOffset = pOffset;
      if( rc ){
        goto multi_select_end;
      }

      /* Generate code to take the intersection of the two temporary
      ** tables.
      */
      assert( p->pEList );
      if( eDest==SRT_Callback ){
        Select *pFirst = p;
        while( pFirst->pPrior ) pFirst = pFirst->pPrior;
        generateColumnNames(pParse, 0, pFirst->pEList);
      }
      iBreak = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
      iCont = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
      computeLimitRegisters(pParse, p, iBreak);
      sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_Rewind, tab1, iBreak);
      iStart = sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_RowKey, tab1, 0);
      sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_NotFound, tab2, iCont);
      rc = selectInnerLoop(pParse, p, p->pEList, tab1, p->pEList->nExpr,
                             pOrderBy, -1, eDest, iParm, 
                             iCont, iBreak, 0);
      if( rc ){
        rc = 1;
        goto multi_select_end;
      }
      sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, iCont);
      sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_Next, tab1, iStart);
      sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, iBreak);
      sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_Close, tab2, 0);
      sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_Close, tab1, 0);
      break;
    }
  }

  /* Make sure all SELECTs in the statement have the same number of elements
  ** in their result sets.
  */
  assert( p->pEList && pPrior->pEList );
  if( p->pEList->nExpr!=pPrior->pEList->nExpr ){
    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "SELECTs to the left and right of %s"
      " do not have the same number of result columns", selectOpName(p->op));
    rc = 1;
    goto multi_select_end;
  }

  /* Set the number of columns in temporary tables
  */
  nCol = p->pEList->nExpr;
  while( nSetP2 ){
    sqlite3VdbeChangeP2(v, aSetP2[--nSetP2], nCol);
  }

  /* Compute collating sequences used by either the ORDER BY clause or
  ** by any temporary tables needed to implement the compound select.
  ** Attach the KeyInfo structure to all temporary tables.  Invoke the
  ** ORDER BY processing if there is an ORDER BY clause.
  **
  ** This section is run by the right-most SELECT statement only.
  ** SELECT statements to the left always skip this part.  The right-most
  ** SELECT might also skip this part if it has no ORDER BY clause and
  ** no temp tables are required.
  */
  if( pOrderBy || p->usesEphm ){
    int i;                        /* Loop counter */
    KeyInfo *pKeyInfo;            /* Collating sequence for the result set */
    Select *pLoop;                /* For looping through SELECT statements */
    int nKeyCol;                  /* Number of entries in pKeyInfo->aCol[] */
    CollSeq **apColl;
    CollSeq **aCopy;

    assert( p->pRightmost==p );
    nKeyCol = nCol + (pOrderBy ? pOrderBy->nExpr : 0);
    pKeyInfo = sqliteMalloc(sizeof(*pKeyInfo)+nKeyCol*(sizeof(CollSeq*) + 1));
    if( !pKeyInfo ){
      rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
      goto multi_select_end;
    }

    pKeyInfo->enc = ENC(pParse->db);
    pKeyInfo->nField = nCol;

    for(i=0, apColl=pKeyInfo->aColl; i<nCol; i++, apColl++){
      *apColl = multiSelectCollSeq(pParse, p, i);
      if( 0==*apColl ){
        *apColl = pParse->db->pDfltColl;
      }
    }

    for(pLoop=p; pLoop; pLoop=pLoop->pPrior){
      for(i=0; i<2; i++){
        int addr = pLoop->addrOpenEphm[i];
        if( addr<0 ){
          /* If [0] is unused then [1] is also unused.  So we can
          ** always safely abort as soon as the first unused slot is found */
          assert( pLoop->addrOpenEphm[1]<0 );
          break;
        }
        sqlite3VdbeChangeP2(v, addr, nCol);
        sqlite3VdbeChangeP3(v, addr, (char*)pKeyInfo, P3_KEYINFO);
        pLoop->addrOpenEphm[i] = -1;
      }
    }

    if( pOrderBy ){
      struct ExprList_item *pOTerm = pOrderBy->a;
      int nOrderByExpr = pOrderBy->nExpr;
      int addr;
      u8 *pSortOrder;

      aCopy = &pKeyInfo->aColl[nOrderByExpr];
      pSortOrder = pKeyInfo->aSortOrder = (u8*)&aCopy[nCol];
      memcpy(aCopy, pKeyInfo->aColl, nCol*sizeof(CollSeq*));
      apColl = pKeyInfo->aColl;
      for(i=0; i<nOrderByExpr; i++, pOTerm++, apColl++, pSortOrder++){
        Expr *pExpr = pOTerm->pExpr;
        if( (pExpr->flags & EP_ExpCollate) ){
          assert( pExpr->pColl!=0 );
          *apColl = pExpr->pColl;
        }else{
          *apColl = aCopy[pExpr->iColumn];
        }
        *pSortOrder = pOTerm->sortOrder;
      }
      assert( p->pRightmost==p );
      assert( p->addrOpenEphm[2]>=0 );
      addr = p->addrOpenEphm[2];
      sqlite3VdbeChangeP2(v, addr, p->pEList->nExpr+2);
      pKeyInfo->nField = nOrderByExpr;
      sqlite3VdbeChangeP3(v, addr, (char*)pKeyInfo, P3_KEYINFO_HANDOFF);
      pKeyInfo = 0;
      generateSortTail(pParse, p, v, p->pEList->nExpr, eDest, iParm);
    }

    sqliteFree(pKeyInfo);
  }

multi_select_end:
  return rc;
}
#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_COMPOUND_SELECT */

#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIEW
/*
** Scan through the expression pExpr.  Replace every reference to
** a column in table number iTable with a copy of the iColumn-th
** entry in pEList.  (But leave references to the ROWID column 
** unchanged.)
**
** This routine is part of the flattening procedure.  A subquery
** whose result set is defined by pEList appears as entry in the
** FROM clause of a SELECT such that the VDBE cursor assigned to that
** FORM clause entry is iTable.  This routine make the necessary 
** changes to pExpr so that it refers directly to the source table
** of the subquery rather the result set of the subquery.
*/
static void substExprList(ExprList*,int,ExprList*);  /* Forward Decl */
static void substSelect(Select *, int, ExprList *);  /* Forward Decl */
static void substExpr(Expr *pExpr, int iTable, ExprList *pEList){
  if( pExpr==0 ) return;
  if( pExpr->op==TK_COLUMN && pExpr->iTable==iTable ){
    if( pExpr->iColumn<0 ){
      pExpr->op = TK_NULL;
    }else{
      Expr *pNew;
      assert( pEList!=0 && pExpr->iColumn<pEList->nExpr );
      assert( pExpr->pLeft==0 && pExpr->pRight==0 && pExpr->pList==0 );
      pNew = pEList->a[pExpr->iColumn].pExpr;
      assert( pNew!=0 );
      pExpr->op = pNew->op;
      assert( pExpr->pLeft==0 );
      pExpr->pLeft = sqlite3ExprDup(pNew->pLeft);
      assert( pExpr->pRight==0 );
      pExpr->pRight = sqlite3ExprDup(pNew->pRight);
      assert( pExpr->pList==0 );
      pExpr->pList = sqlite3ExprListDup(pNew->pList);
      pExpr->iTable = pNew->iTable;
      pExpr->pTab = pNew->pTab;
      pExpr->iColumn = pNew->iColumn;
      pExpr->iAgg = pNew->iAgg;
      sqlite3TokenCopy(&pExpr->token, &pNew->token);
      sqlite3TokenCopy(&pExpr->span, &pNew->span);
      pExpr->pSelect = sqlite3SelectDup(pNew->pSelect);
      pExpr->flags = pNew->flags;
    }
  }else{
    substExpr(pExpr->pLeft, iTable, pEList);
    substExpr(pExpr->pRight, iTable, pEList);
    substSelect(pExpr->pSelect, iTable, pEList);
    substExprList(pExpr->pList, iTable, pEList);
  }
}
static void substExprList(ExprList *pList, int iTable, ExprList *pEList){
  int i;
  if( pList==0 ) return;
  for(i=0; i<pList->nExpr; i++){
    substExpr(pList->a[i].pExpr, iTable, pEList);
  }
}
static void substSelect(Select *p, int iTable, ExprList *pEList){
  if( !p ) return;
  substExprList(p->pEList, iTable, pEList);
  substExprList(p->pGroupBy, iTable, pEList);
  substExprList(p->pOrderBy, iTable, pEList);
  substExpr(p->pHaving, iTable, pEList);
  substExpr(p->pWhere, iTable, pEList);
}
#endif /* !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_VIEW) */

#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIEW
/*
** This routine attempts to flatten subqueries in order to speed
** execution.  It returns 1 if it makes changes and 0 if no flattening
** occurs.
**
** To understand the concept of flattening, consider the following
** query:
**
**     SELECT a FROM (SELECT x+y AS a FROM t1 WHERE z<100) WHERE a>5
**
** The default way of implementing this query is to execute the
** subquery first and store the results in a temporary table, then
** run the outer query on that temporary table.  This requires two
** passes over the data.  Furthermore, because the temporary table
** has no indices, the WHERE clause on the outer query cannot be
** optimized.
**
** This routine attempts to rewrite queries such as the above into
** a single flat select, like this:
**
**     SELECT x+y AS a FROM t1 WHERE z<100 AND a>5
**
** The code generated for this simpification gives the same result
** but only has to scan the data once.  And because indices might 
** exist on the table t1, a complete scan of the data might be
** avoided.
**
** Flattening is only attempted if all of the following are true:
**
**   (1)  The subquery and the outer query do not both use aggregates.
**
**   (2)  The subquery is not an aggregate or the outer query is not a join.
**
**   (3)  The subquery is not the right operand of a left outer join, or
**        the subquery is not itself a join.  (Ticket #306)
**
**   (4)  The subquery is not DISTINCT or the outer query is not a join.
**
**   (5)  The subquery is not DISTINCT or the outer query does not use
**        aggregates.
**
**   (6)  The subquery does not use aggregates or the outer query is not
**        DISTINCT.
**
**   (7)  The subquery has a FROM clause.
**
**   (8)  The subquery does not use LIMIT or the outer query is not a join.
**
**   (9)  The subquery does not use LIMIT or the outer query does not use
**        aggregates.
**
**  (10)  The subquery does not use aggregates or the outer query does not
**        use LIMIT.
**
**  (11)  The subquery and the outer query do not both have ORDER BY clauses.
**
**  (12)  The subquery is not the right term of a LEFT OUTER JOIN or the
**        subquery has no WHERE clause.  (added by ticket #350)
**
**  (13)  The subquery and outer query do not both use LIMIT
**
**  (14)  The subquery does not use OFFSET
**
** In this routine, the "p" parameter is a pointer to the outer query.
** The subquery is p->pSrc->a[iFrom].  isAgg is true if the outer query
** uses aggregates and subqueryIsAgg is true if the subquery uses aggregates.
**
** If flattening is not attempted, this routine is a no-op and returns 0.
** If flattening is attempted this routine returns 1.
**
** All of the expression analysis must occur on both the outer query and
** the subquery before this routine runs.
*/
static int flattenSubquery(
  Select *p,           /* The parent or outer SELECT statement */
  int iFrom,           /* Index in p->pSrc->a[] of the inner subquery */
  int isAgg,           /* True if outer SELECT uses aggregate functions */
  int subqueryIsAgg    /* True if the subquery uses aggregate functions */
){
  Select *pSub;       /* The inner query or "subquery" */
  SrcList *pSrc;      /* The FROM clause of the outer query */
  SrcList *pSubSrc;   /* The FROM clause of the subquery */
  ExprList *pList;    /* The result set of the outer query */
  int iParent;        /* VDBE cursor number of the pSub result set temp table */
  int i;              /* Loop counter */
  Expr *pWhere;                    /* The WHERE clause */
  struct SrcList_item *pSubitem;   /* The subquery */

  /* Check to see if flattening is permitted.  Return 0 if not.
  */
  if( p==0 ) return 0;
  pSrc = p->pSrc;
  assert( pSrc && iFrom>=0 && iFrom<pSrc->nSrc );
  pSubitem = &pSrc->a[iFrom];
  pSub = pSubitem->pSelect;
  assert( pSub!=0 );
  if( isAgg && subqueryIsAgg ) return 0;                 /* Restriction (1)  */
  if( subqueryIsAgg && pSrc->nSrc>1 ) return 0;          /* Restriction (2)  */
  pSubSrc = pSub->pSrc;
  assert( pSubSrc );
  /* Prior to version 3.1.2, when LIMIT and OFFSET had to be simple constants,
  ** not arbitrary expresssions, we allowed some combining of LIMIT and OFFSET
  ** because they could be computed at compile-time.  But when LIMIT and OFFSET
  ** became arbitrary expressions, we were forced to add restrictions (13)
  ** and (14). */
  if( pSub->pLimit && p->pLimit ) return 0;              /* Restriction (13) */
  if( pSub->pOffset ) return 0;                          /* Restriction (14) */
  if( pSubSrc->nSrc==0 ) return 0;                       /* Restriction (7)  */
  if( (pSub->isDistinct || pSub->pLimit) 
         && (pSrc->nSrc>1 || isAgg) ){          /* Restrictions (4)(5)(8)(9) */
     return 0;       
  }
  if( p->isDistinct && subqueryIsAgg ) return 0;         /* Restriction (6)  */
  if( (p->disallowOrderBy || p->pOrderBy) && pSub->pOrderBy ){
     return 0;                                           /* Restriction (11) */
  }

  /* Restriction 3:  If the subquery is a join, make sure the subquery is 
  ** not used as the right operand of an outer join.  Examples of why this
  ** is not allowed:
  **
  **         t1 LEFT OUTER JOIN (t2 JOIN t3)
  **
  ** If we flatten the above, we would get
  **
  **         (t1 LEFT OUTER JOIN t2) JOIN t3
  **
  ** which is not at all the same thing.
  */
  if( pSubSrc->nSrc>1 && (pSubitem->jointype & JT_OUTER)!=0 ){
    return 0;
  }

  /* Restriction 12:  If the subquery is the right operand of a left outer
  ** join, make sure the subquery has no WHERE clause.
  ** An examples of why this is not allowed:
  **
  **         t1 LEFT OUTER JOIN (SELECT * FROM t2 WHERE t2.x>0)
  **
  ** If we flatten the above, we would get
  **
  **         (t1 LEFT OUTER JOIN t2) WHERE t2.x>0
  **
  ** But the t2.x>0 test will always fail on a NULL row of t2, which
  ** effectively converts the OUTER JOIN into an INNER JOIN.
  */
  if( (pSubitem->jointype & JT_OUTER)!=0 && pSub->pWhere!=0 ){
    return 0;
  }

  /* If we reach this point, it means flattening is permitted for the
  ** iFrom-th entry of the FROM clause in the outer query.
  */

  /* Move all of the FROM elements of the subquery into the
  ** the FROM clause of the outer query.  Before doing this, remember
  ** the cursor number for the original outer query FROM element in
  ** iParent.  The iParent cursor will never be used.  Subsequent code
  ** will scan expressions looking for iParent references and replace
  ** those references with expressions that resolve to the subquery FROM
  ** elements we are now copying in.
  */
  iParent = pSubitem->iCursor;
  {
    int nSubSrc = pSubSrc->nSrc;
    int jointype = pSubitem->jointype;

    sqlite3DeleteTable(pSubitem->pTab);
    sqliteFree(pSubitem->zDatabase);
    sqliteFree(pSubitem->zName);
    sqliteFree(pSubitem->zAlias);
    if( nSubSrc>1 ){
      int extra = nSubSrc - 1;
      for(i=1; i<nSubSrc; i++){
        pSrc = sqlite3SrcListAppend(pSrc, 0, 0);
      }
      p->pSrc = pSrc;
      for(i=pSrc->nSrc-1; i-extra>=iFrom; i--){
        pSrc->a[i] = pSrc->a[i-extra];
      }
    }
    for(i=0; i<nSubSrc; i++){
      pSrc->a[i+iFrom] = pSubSrc->a[i];
      memset(&pSubSrc->a[i], 0, sizeof(pSubSrc->a[i]));
    }
    pSrc->a[iFrom].jointype = jointype;
  }

  /* Now begin substituting subquery result set expressions for 
  ** references to the iParent in the outer query.
  ** 
  ** Example:
  **
  **   SELECT a+5, b*10 FROM (SELECT x*3 AS a, y+10 AS b FROM t1) WHERE a>b;
  **   \                     \_____________ subquery __________/          /
  **    \_____________________ outer query ______________________________/
  **
  ** We look at every expression in the outer query and every place we see
  ** "a" we substitute "x*3" and every place we see "b" we substitute "y+10".
  */
  pList = p->pEList;
  for(i=0; i<pList->nExpr; i++){
    Expr *pExpr;
    if( pList->a[i].zName==0 && (pExpr = pList->a[i].pExpr)->span.z!=0 ){
      pList->a[i].zName = sqliteStrNDup((char*)pExpr->span.z, pExpr->span.n);
    }
  }
  substExprList(p->pEList, iParent, pSub->pEList);
  if( isAgg ){
    substExprList(p->pGroupBy, iParent, pSub->pEList);
    substExpr(p->pHaving, iParent, pSub->pEList);
  }
  if( pSub->pOrderBy ){
    assert( p->pOrderBy==0 );
    p->pOrderBy = pSub->pOrderBy;
    pSub->pOrderBy = 0;
  }else if( p->pOrderBy ){
    substExprList(p->pOrderBy, iParent, pSub->pEList);
  }
  if( pSub->pWhere ){
    pWhere = sqlite3ExprDup(pSub->pWhere);
  }else{
    pWhere = 0;
  }
  if( subqueryIsAgg ){
    assert( p->pHaving==0 );
    p->pHaving = p->pWhere;
    p->pWhere = pWhere;
    substExpr(p->pHaving, iParent, pSub->pEList);
    p->pHaving = sqlite3ExprAnd(p->pHaving, sqlite3ExprDup(pSub->pHaving));
    assert( p->pGroupBy==0 );
    p->pGroupBy = sqlite3ExprListDup(pSub->pGroupBy);
  }else{
    substExpr(p->pWhere, iParent, pSub->pEList);
    p->pWhere = sqlite3ExprAnd(p->pWhere, pWhere);
  }

  /* The flattened query is distinct if either the inner or the
  ** outer query is distinct. 
  */
  p->isDistinct = p->isDistinct || pSub->isDistinct;

  /*
  ** SELECT ... FROM (SELECT ... LIMIT a OFFSET b) LIMIT x OFFSET y;
  **
  ** One is tempted to try to add a and b to combine the limits.  But this
  ** does not work if either limit is negative.
  */
  if( pSub->pLimit ){
    p->pLimit = pSub->pLimit;
    pSub->pLimit = 0;
  }

  /* Finially, delete what is left of the subquery and return
  ** success.
  */
  sqlite3SelectDelete(pSub);
  return 1;
}
#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_VIEW */

/*
** Analyze the SELECT statement passed in as an argument to see if it
** is a simple min() or max() query.  If it is and this query can be
** satisfied using a single seek to the beginning or end of an index,
** then generate the code for this SELECT and return 1.  If this is not a 
** simple min() or max() query, then return 0;
**
** A simply min() or max() query looks like this:
**
**    SELECT min(a) FROM table;
**    SELECT max(a) FROM table;
**
** The query may have only a single table in its FROM argument.  There
** can be no GROUP BY or HAVING or WHERE clauses.  The result set must
** be the min() or max() of a single column of the table.  The column
** in the min() or max() function must be indexed.
**
** The parameters to this routine are the same as for sqlite3Select().
** See the header comment on that routine for additional information.
*/
static int simpleMinMaxQuery(Parse *pParse, Select *p, int eDest, int iParm){
  Expr *pExpr;
  int iCol;
  Table *pTab;
  Index *pIdx;
  int base;
  Vdbe *v;
  int seekOp;
  ExprList *pEList, *pList, eList;
  struct ExprList_item eListItem;
  SrcList *pSrc;
  int brk;
  int iDb;

  /* Check to see if this query is a simple min() or max() query.  Return
  ** zero if it is  not.
  */
  if( p->pGroupBy || p->pHaving || p->pWhere ) return 0;
  pSrc = p->pSrc;
  if( pSrc->nSrc!=1 ) return 0;
  pEList = p->pEList;
  if( pEList->nExpr!=1 ) return 0;
  pExpr = pEList->a[0].pExpr;
  if( pExpr->op!=TK_AGG_FUNCTION ) return 0;
  pList = pExpr->pList;
  if( pList==0 || pList->nExpr!=1 ) return 0;
  if( pExpr->token.n!=3 ) return 0;
  if( sqlite3StrNICmp((char*)pExpr->token.z,"min",3)==0 ){
    seekOp = OP_Rewind;
  }else if( sqlite3StrNICmp((char*)pExpr->token.z,"max",3)==0 ){
    seekOp = OP_Last;
  }else{
    return 0;
  }
  pExpr = pList->a[0].pExpr;
  if( pExpr->op!=TK_COLUMN ) return 0;
  iCol = pExpr->iColumn;
  pTab = pSrc->a[0].pTab;

  /* This optimization cannot be used with virtual tables. */
  if( IsVirtual(pTab) ) return 0;

  /* If we get to here, it means the query is of the correct form.
  ** Check to make sure we have an index and make pIdx point to the
  ** appropriate index.  If the min() or max() is on an INTEGER PRIMARY
  ** key column, no index is necessary so set pIdx to NULL.  If no
  ** usable index is found, return 0.
  */
  if( iCol<0 ){
    pIdx = 0;
  }else{
    CollSeq *pColl = sqlite3ExprCollSeq(pParse, pExpr);
    if( pColl==0 ) return 0;
    for(pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext){
      assert( pIdx->nColumn>=1 );
      if( pIdx->aiColumn[0]==iCol && 
          0==sqlite3StrICmp(pIdx->azColl[0], pColl->zName) ){
        break;
      }
    }
    if( pIdx==0 ) return 0;
  }

  /* Identify column types if we will be using the callback.  This
  ** step is skipped if the output is going to a table or a memory cell.
  ** The column names have already been generated in the calling function.
  */
  v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
  if( v==0 ) return 0;

  /* If the output is destined for a temporary table, open that table.
  */
  if( eDest==SRT_EphemTab ){
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_OpenEphemeral, iParm, 1);
  }

  /* Generating code to find the min or the max.  Basically all we have
  ** to do is find the first or the last entry in the chosen index.  If
  ** the min() or max() is on the INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, then find the first
  ** or last entry in the main table.
  */
  iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(pParse->db, pTab->pSchema);
  assert( iDb>=0 || pTab->isEphem );
  sqlite3CodeVerifySchema(pParse, iDb);
  sqlite3TableLock(pParse, iDb, pTab->tnum, 0, pTab->zName);
  base = pSrc->a[0].iCursor;
  brk = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
  computeLimitRegisters(pParse, p, brk);
  if( pSrc->a[0].pSelect==0 ){
    sqlite3OpenTable(pParse, base, iDb, pTab, OP_OpenRead);
  }
  if( pIdx==0 ){
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, seekOp, base, 0);
  }else{
    /* Even though the cursor used to open the index here is closed
    ** as soon as a single value has been read from it, allocate it
    ** using (pParse->nTab++) to prevent the cursor id from being 
    ** reused. This is important for statements of the form 
    ** "INSERT INTO x SELECT max() FROM x".
    */
    int iIdx;
    KeyInfo *pKey = sqlite3IndexKeyinfo(pParse, pIdx);
    iIdx = pParse->nTab++;
    assert( pIdx->pSchema==pTab->pSchema );
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_Integer, iDb, 0);
    sqlite3VdbeOp3(v, OP_OpenRead, iIdx, pIdx->tnum, 
        (char*)pKey, P3_KEYINFO_HANDOFF);
    if( seekOp==OP_Rewind ){
      sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_Null, 0, 0);
      sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_MakeRecord, 1, 0);
      seekOp = OP_MoveGt;
    }
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, seekOp, iIdx, 0);
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_IdxRowid, iIdx, 0);
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_Close, iIdx, 0);
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_MoveGe, base, 0);
  }
  eList.nExpr = 1;
  memset(&eListItem, 0, sizeof(eListItem));
  eList.a = &eListItem;
  eList.a[0].pExpr = pExpr;
  selectInnerLoop(pParse, p, &eList, 0, 0, 0, -1, eDest, iParm, brk, brk, 0);
  sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, brk);
  sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_Close, base, 0);
  
  return 1;
}

/*
** Analyze and ORDER BY or GROUP BY clause in a SELECT statement.  Return
** the number of errors seen.
**
** An ORDER BY or GROUP BY is a list of expressions.  If any expression
** is an integer constant, then that expression is replaced by the
** corresponding entry in the result set.
*/
static int processOrderGroupBy(
  NameContext *pNC,     /* Name context of the SELECT statement. */
  ExprList *pOrderBy,   /* The ORDER BY or GROUP BY clause to be processed */
  const char *zType     /* Either "ORDER" or "GROUP", as appropriate */
){
  int i;
  ExprList *pEList = pNC->pEList;     /* The result set of the SELECT */
  Parse *pParse = pNC->pParse;     /* The result set of the SELECT */
  assert( pEList );

  if( pOrderBy==0 ) return 0;
  for(i=0; i<pOrderBy->nExpr; i++){
    int iCol;
    Expr *pE = pOrderBy->a[i].pExpr;
    if( sqlite3ExprIsInteger(pE, &iCol) ){
      if( iCol>0 && iCol<=pEList->nExpr ){
        CollSeq *pColl = pE->pColl;
        int flags = pE->flags & EP_ExpCollate;
        sqlite3ExprDelete(pE);
        pE = pOrderBy->a[i].pExpr = sqlite3ExprDup(pEList->a[iCol-1].pExpr);
        if( pColl && flags ){
          pE->pColl = pColl;
          pE->flags |= flags;
        }
      }else{
        sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, 
           "%s BY column number %d out of range - should be "
           "between 1 and %d", zType, iCol, pEList->nExpr);
        return 1;
      }
    }
    if( sqlite3ExprResolveNames(pNC, pE) ){
      return 1;
    }
  }
  return 0;
}

/*
** This routine resolves any names used in the result set of the
** supplied SELECT statement. If the SELECT statement being resolved
** is a sub-select, then pOuterNC is a pointer to the NameContext 
** of the parent SELECT.
*/
int sqlite3SelectResolve(
  Parse *pParse,         /* The parser context */
  Select *p,             /* The SELECT statement being coded. */
  NameContext *pOuterNC  /* The outer name context. May be NULL. */
){
  ExprList *pEList;          /* Result set. */
  int i;                     /* For-loop variable used in multiple places */
  NameContext sNC;           /* Local name-context */
  ExprList *pGroupBy;        /* The group by clause */

  /* If this routine has run before, return immediately. */
  if( p->isResolved ){
    assert( !pOuterNC );
    return SQLITE_OK;
  }
  p->isResolved = 1;

  /* If there have already been errors, do nothing. */
  if( pParse->nErr>0 ){
    return SQLITE_ERROR;
  }

  /* Prepare the select statement. This call will allocate all cursors
  ** required to handle the tables and subqueries in the FROM clause.
  */
  if( prepSelectStmt(pParse, p) ){
    return SQLITE_ERROR;
  }

  /* Resolve the expressions in the LIMIT and OFFSET clauses. These
  ** are not allowed to refer to any names, so pass an empty NameContext.
  */
  memset(&sNC, 0, sizeof(sNC));
  sNC.pParse = pParse;
  if( sqlite3ExprResolveNames(&sNC, p->pLimit) ||
      sqlite3ExprResolveNames(&sNC, p->pOffset) ){
    return SQLITE_ERROR;
  }

  /* Set up the local name-context to pass to ExprResolveNames() to
  ** resolve the expression-list.
  */
  sNC.allowAgg = 1;
  sNC.pSrcList = p->pSrc;
  sNC.pNext = pOuterNC;

  /* Resolve names in the result set. */
  pEList = p->pEList;
  if( !pEList ) return SQLITE_ERROR;
  for(i=0; i<pEList->nExpr; i++){
    Expr *pX = pEList->a[i].pExpr;
    if( sqlite3ExprResolveNames(&sNC, pX) ){
      return SQLITE_ERROR;
    }
  }

  /* If there are no aggregate functions in the result-set, and no GROUP BY 
  ** expression, do not allow aggregates in any of the other expressions.
  */
  assert( !p->isAgg );
  pGroupBy = p->pGroupBy;
  if( pGroupBy || sNC.hasAgg ){
    p->isAgg = 1;
  }else{
    sNC.allowAgg = 0;
  }

  /* If a HAVING clause is present, then there must be a GROUP BY clause.
  */
  if( p->pHaving && !pGroupBy ){
    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "a GROUP BY clause is required before HAVING");
    return SQLITE_ERROR;
  }

  /* Add the expression list to the name-context before parsing the
  ** other expressions in the SELECT statement. This is so that
  ** expressions in the WHERE clause (etc.) can refer to expressions by
  ** aliases in the result set.
  **
  ** Minor point: If this is the case, then the expression will be
  ** re-evaluated for each reference to it.
  */
  sNC.pEList = p->pEList;
  if( sqlite3ExprResolveNames(&sNC, p->pWhere) ||
     sqlite3ExprResolveNames(&sNC, p->pHaving) ){
    return SQLITE_ERROR;
  }
  if( p->pPrior==0 ){
    if( processOrderGroupBy(&sNC, p->pOrderBy, "ORDER") ||
        processOrderGroupBy(&sNC, pGroupBy, "GROUP") ){
      return SQLITE_ERROR;
    }
  }

  /* Make sure the GROUP BY clause does not contain aggregate functions.
  */
  if( pGroupBy ){
    struct ExprList_item *pItem;
  
    for(i=0, pItem=pGroupBy->a; i<pGroupBy->nExpr; i++, pItem++){
      if( ExprHasProperty(pItem->pExpr, EP_Agg) ){
        sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "aggregate functions are not allowed in "
            "the GROUP BY clause");
        return SQLITE_ERROR;
      }
    }
  }

  /* If this is one SELECT of a compound, be sure to resolve names
  ** in the other SELECTs.
  */
  if( p->pPrior ){
    return sqlite3SelectResolve(pParse, p->pPrior, pOuterNC);
  }else{
    return SQLITE_OK;
  }
}

/*
** Reset the aggregate accumulator.
**
** The aggregate accumulator is a set of memory cells that hold
** intermediate results while calculating an aggregate.  This
** routine simply stores NULLs in all of those memory cells.
*/
static void resetAccumulator(Parse *pParse, AggInfo *pAggInfo){
  Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;
  int i;
  struct AggInfo_func *pFunc;
  if( pAggInfo->nFunc+pAggInfo->nColumn==0 ){
    return;
  }
  for(i=0; i<pAggInfo->nColumn; i++){
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_MemNull, pAggInfo->aCol[i].iMem, 0);
  }
  for(pFunc=pAggInfo->aFunc, i=0; i<pAggInfo->nFunc; i++, pFunc++){
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_MemNull, pFunc->iMem, 0);
    if( pFunc->iDistinct>=0 ){
      Expr *pE = pFunc->pExpr;
      if( pE->pList==0 || pE->pList->nExpr!=1 ){
        sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "DISTINCT in aggregate must be followed "
           "by an expression");
        pFunc->iDistinct = -1;
      }else{
        KeyInfo *pKeyInfo = keyInfoFromExprList(pParse, pE->pList);
        sqlite3VdbeOp3(v, OP_OpenEphemeral, pFunc->iDistinct, 0, 
                          (char*)pKeyInfo, P3_KEYINFO_HANDOFF);
      }
    }
  }
}

/*
** Invoke the OP_AggFinalize opcode for every aggregate function
** in the AggInfo structure.
*/
static void finalizeAggFunctions(Parse *pParse, AggInfo *pAggInfo){
  Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;
  int i;
  struct AggInfo_func *pF;
  for(i=0, pF=pAggInfo->aFunc; i<pAggInfo->nFunc; i++, pF++){
    ExprList *pList = pF->pExpr->pList;
    sqlite3VdbeOp3(v, OP_AggFinal, pF->iMem, pList ? pList->nExpr : 0,
                      (void*)pF->pFunc, P3_FUNCDEF);
  }
}

/*
** Update the accumulator memory cells for an aggregate based on
** the current cursor position.
*/
static void updateAccumulator(Parse *pParse, AggInfo *pAggInfo){
  Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;
  int i;
  struct AggInfo_func *pF;
  struct AggInfo_col *pC;

  pAggInfo->directMode = 1;
  for(i=0, pF=pAggInfo->aFunc; i<pAggInfo->nFunc; i++, pF++){
    int nArg;
    int addrNext = 0;
    ExprList *pList = pF->pExpr->pList;
    if( pList ){
      nArg = pList->nExpr;
      sqlite3ExprCodeExprList(pParse, pList);
    }else{
      nArg = 0;
    }
    if( pF->iDistinct>=0 ){
      addrNext = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
      assert( nArg==1 );
      codeDistinct(v, pF->iDistinct, addrNext, 1);
    }
    if( pF->pFunc->needCollSeq ){
      CollSeq *pColl = 0;
      struct ExprList_item *pItem;
      int j;
      assert( pList!=0 );  /* pList!=0 if pF->pFunc->needCollSeq is true */
      for(j=0, pItem=pList->a; !pColl && j<nArg; j++, pItem++){
        pColl = sqlite3ExprCollSeq(pParse, pItem->pExpr);
      }
      if( !pColl ){
        pColl = pParse->db->pDfltColl;
      }
      sqlite3VdbeOp3(v, OP_CollSeq, 0, 0, (char *)pColl, P3_COLLSEQ);
    }
    sqlite3VdbeOp3(v, OP_AggStep, pF->iMem, nArg, (void*)pF->pFunc, P3_FUNCDEF);
    if( addrNext ){
      sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, addrNext);
    }
  }
  for(i=0, pC=pAggInfo->aCol; i<pAggInfo->nAccumulator; i++, pC++){
    sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pC->pExpr);
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_MemStore, pC->iMem, 1);
  }
  pAggInfo->directMode = 0;
}


/*
** Generate code for the given SELECT statement.
**
** The results are distributed in various ways depending on the
** value of eDest and iParm.
**
**     eDest Value       Result
**     ------------    -------------------------------------------
**     SRT_Callback    Invoke the callback for each row of the result.
**
**     SRT_Mem         Store first result in memory cell iParm
**
**     SRT_Set         Store results as keys of table iParm.
**
**     SRT_Union       Store results as a key in a temporary table iParm
**
**     SRT_Except      Remove results from the temporary table iParm.
**
**     SRT_Table       Store results in temporary table iParm
**
** The table above is incomplete.  Additional eDist value have be added
** since this comment was written.  See the selectInnerLoop() function for
** a complete listing of the allowed values of eDest and their meanings.
**
** This routine returns the number of errors.  If any errors are
** encountered, then an appropriate error message is left in
** pParse->zErrMsg.
**
** This routine does NOT free the Select structure passed in.  The
** calling function needs to do that.
**
** The pParent, parentTab, and *pParentAgg fields are filled in if this
** SELECT is a subquery.  This routine may try to combine this SELECT
** with its parent to form a single flat query.  In so doing, it might
** change the parent query from a non-aggregate to an aggregate query.
** For that reason, the pParentAgg flag is passed as a pointer, so it
** can be changed.
**
** Example 1:   The meaning of the pParent parameter.
**
**    SELECT * FROM t1 JOIN (SELECT x, count(*) FROM t2) JOIN t3;
**    \                      \_______ subquery _______/        /
**     \                                                      /
**      \____________________ outer query ___________________/
**
** This routine is called for the outer query first.   For that call,
** pParent will be NULL.  During the processing of the outer query, this 
** routine is called recursively to handle the subquery.  For the recursive
** call, pParent will point to the outer query.  Because the subquery is
** the second element in a three-way join, the parentTab parameter will
** be 1 (the 2nd value of a 0-indexed array.)
*/
int sqlite3Select(
  Parse *pParse,         /* The parser context */
  Select *p,             /* The SELECT statement being coded. */
  int eDest,             /* How to dispose of the results */
  int iParm,             /* A parameter used by the eDest disposal method */
  Select *pParent,       /* Another SELECT for which this is a sub-query */
  int parentTab,         /* Index in pParent->pSrc of this query */
  int *pParentAgg,       /* True if pParent uses aggregate functions */
  char *aff              /* If eDest is SRT_Union, the affinity string */
){
  int i, j;              /* Loop counters */
  WhereInfo *pWInfo;     /* Return from sqlite3WhereBegin() */
  Vdbe *v;               /* The virtual machine under construction */
  int isAgg;             /* True for select lists like "count(*)" */
  ExprList *pEList;      /* List of columns to extract. */
  SrcList *pTabList;     /* List of tables to select from */
  Expr *pWhere;          /* The WHERE clause.  May be NULL */
  ExprList *pOrderBy;    /* The ORDER BY clause.  May be NULL */
  ExprList *pGroupBy;    /* The GROUP BY clause.  May be NULL */
  Expr *pHaving;         /* The HAVING clause.  May be NULL */
  int isDistinct;        /* True if the DISTINCT keyword is present */
  int distinct;          /* Table to use for the distinct set */
  int rc = 1;            /* Value to return from this function */
  int addrSortIndex;     /* Address of an OP_OpenEphemeral instruction */
  AggInfo sAggInfo;      /* Information used by aggregate queries */
  int iEnd;              /* Address of the end of the query */

  if( p==0 || sqlite3MallocFailed() || pParse->nErr ){
    return 1;
  }
  if( sqlite3AuthCheck(pParse, SQLITE_SELECT, 0, 0, 0) ) return 1;
  memset(&sAggInfo, 0, sizeof(sAggInfo));

#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_COMPOUND_SELECT
  /* If there is are a sequence of queries, do the earlier ones first.
  */
  if( p->pPrior ){
    if( p->pRightmost==0 ){
      Select *pLoop;
      for(pLoop=p; pLoop; pLoop=pLoop->pPrior){
        pLoop->pRightmost = p;
      }
    }
    return multiSelect(pParse, p, eDest, iParm, aff);
  }
#endif

  pOrderBy = p->pOrderBy;
  if( IgnorableOrderby(eDest) ){
    p->pOrderBy = 0;
  }
  if( sqlite3SelectResolve(pParse, p, 0) ){
    goto select_end;
  }
  p->pOrderBy = pOrderBy;

  /* Make local copies of the parameters for this query.
  */
  pTabList = p->pSrc;
  pWhere = p->pWhere;
  pGroupBy = p->pGroupBy;
  pHaving = p->pHaving;
  isAgg = p->isAgg;
  isDistinct = p->isDistinct;
  pEList = p->pEList;
  if( pEList==0 ) goto select_end;

  /* 
  ** Do not even attempt to generate any code if we have already seen
  ** errors before this routine starts.
  */
  if( pParse->nErr>0 ) goto select_end;

  /* If writing to memory or generating a set
  ** only a single column may be output.
  */
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY
  if( (eDest==SRT_Mem || eDest==SRT_Set) && pEList->nExpr>1 ){
    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "only a single result allowed for "
       "a SELECT that is part of an expression");
    goto select_end;
  }
#endif

  /* ORDER BY is ignored for some destinations.
  */
  if( IgnorableOrderby(eDest) ){
    pOrderBy = 0;
  }

  /* Begin generating code.
  */
  v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
  if( v==0 ) goto select_end;

  /* Generate code for all sub-queries in the FROM clause
  */
#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY) || !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_VIEW)
  for(i=0; i<pTabList->nSrc; i++){
    const char *zSavedAuthContext = 0;
    int needRestoreContext;
    struct SrcList_item *pItem = &pTabList->a[i];

    if( pItem->pSelect==0 || pItem->isPopulated ) continue;
    if( pItem->zName!=0 ){
      zSavedAuthContext = pParse->zAuthContext;
      pParse->zAuthContext = pItem->zName;
      needRestoreContext = 1;
    }else{
      needRestoreContext = 0;
    }
    sqlite3Select(pParse, pItem->pSelect, SRT_EphemTab, 
                 pItem->iCursor, p, i, &isAgg, 0);
    if( needRestoreContext ){
      pParse->zAuthContext = zSavedAuthContext;
    }
    pTabList = p->pSrc;
    pWhere = p->pWhere;
    if( !IgnorableOrderby(eDest) ){
      pOrderBy = p->pOrderBy;
    }
    pGroupBy = p->pGroupBy;
    pHaving = p->pHaving;
    isDistinct = p->isDistinct;
  }
#endif

  /* Check for the special case of a min() or max() function by itself
  ** in the result set.
  */
  if( simpleMinMaxQuery(pParse, p, eDest, iParm) ){
    rc = 0;
    goto select_end;
  }

  /* Check to see if this is a subquery that can be "flattened" into its parent.
  ** If flattening is a possiblity, do so and return immediately.  
  */
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIEW
  if( pParent && pParentAgg &&
      flattenSubquery(pParent, parentTab, *pParentAgg, isAgg) ){
    if( isAgg ) *pParentAgg = 1;
    goto select_end;
  }
#endif

  /* If there is an ORDER BY clause, then this sorting
  ** index might end up being unused if the data can be 
  ** extracted in pre-sorted order.  If that is the case, then the
  ** OP_OpenEphemeral instruction will be changed to an OP_Noop once
  ** we figure out that the sorting index is not needed.  The addrSortIndex
  ** variable is used to facilitate that change.
  */
  if( pOrderBy ){
    KeyInfo *pKeyInfo;
    if( pParse->nErr ){
      goto select_end;
    }
    pKeyInfo = keyInfoFromExprList(pParse, pOrderBy);
    pOrderBy->iECursor = pParse->nTab++;
    p->addrOpenEphm[2] = addrSortIndex =
      sqlite3VdbeOp3(v, OP_OpenEphemeral, pOrderBy->iECursor, pOrderBy->nExpr+2,                     (char*)pKeyInfo, P3_KEYINFO_HANDOFF);
  }else{
    addrSortIndex = -1;
  }

  /* If the output is destined for a temporary table, open that table.
  */
  if( eDest==SRT_EphemTab ){
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_OpenEphemeral, iParm, pEList->nExpr);
  }

  /* Set the limiter.
  */
  iEnd = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
  computeLimitRegisters(pParse, p, iEnd);

  /* Open a virtual index to use for the distinct set.
  */
  if( isDistinct ){
    KeyInfo *pKeyInfo;
    distinct = pParse->nTab++;
    pKeyInfo = keyInfoFromExprList(pParse, p->pEList);
    sqlite3VdbeOp3(v, OP_OpenEphemeral, distinct, 0, 
                        (char*)pKeyInfo, P3_KEYINFO_HANDOFF);
  }else{
    distinct = -1;
  }

  /* Aggregate and non-aggregate queries are handled differently */
  if( !isAgg && pGroupBy==0 ){
    /* This case is for non-aggregate queries
    ** Begin the database scan
    */
    pWInfo = sqlite3WhereBegin(pParse, pTabList, pWhere, &pOrderBy);
    if( pWInfo==0 ) goto select_end;

    /* If sorting index that was created by a prior OP_OpenEphemeral 
    ** instruction ended up not being needed, then change the OP_OpenEphemeral
    ** into an OP_Noop.
    */
    if( addrSortIndex>=0 && pOrderBy==0 ){
      sqlite3VdbeChangeToNoop(v, addrSortIndex, 1);
      p->addrOpenEphm[2] = -1;
    }

    /* Use the standard inner loop
    */
    if( selectInnerLoop(pParse, p, pEList, 0, 0, pOrderBy, distinct, eDest,
                    iParm, pWInfo->iContinue, pWInfo->iBreak, aff) ){
       goto select_end;
    }

    /* End the database scan loop.
    */
    sqlite3WhereEnd(pWInfo);
  }else{
    /* This is the processing for aggregate queries */
    NameContext sNC;    /* Name context for processing aggregate information */
    int iAMem;          /* First Mem address for storing current GROUP BY */
    int iBMem;          /* First Mem address for previous GROUP BY */
    int iUseFlag;       /* Mem address holding flag indicating that at least
                        ** one row of the input to the aggregator has been
                        ** processed */
    int iAbortFlag;     /* Mem address which causes query abort if positive */
    int groupBySort;    /* Rows come from source in GROUP BY order */


    /* The following variables hold addresses or labels for parts of the
    ** virtual machine program we are putting together */
    int addrOutputRow;      /* Start of subroutine that outputs a result row */
    int addrSetAbort;       /* Set the abort flag and return */
    int addrInitializeLoop; /* Start of code that initializes the input loop */
    int addrTopOfLoop;      /* Top of the input loop */
    int addrGroupByChange;  /* Code that runs when any GROUP BY term changes */
    int addrProcessRow;     /* Code to process a single input row */
    int addrEnd;            /* End of all processing */
    int addrSortingIdx;     /* The OP_OpenEphemeral for the sorting index */
    int addrReset;          /* Subroutine for resetting the accumulator */

    addrEnd = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);

    /* Convert TK_COLUMN nodes into TK_AGG_COLUMN and make entries in
    ** sAggInfo for all TK_AGG_FUNCTION nodes in expressions of the
    ** SELECT statement.
    */
    memset(&sNC, 0, sizeof(sNC));
    sNC.pParse = pParse;
    sNC.pSrcList = pTabList;
    sNC.pAggInfo = &sAggInfo;
    sAggInfo.nSortingColumn = pGroupBy ? pGroupBy->nExpr+1 : 0;
    sAggInfo.pGroupBy = pGroupBy;
    if( sqlite3ExprAnalyzeAggList(&sNC, pEList) ){
      goto select_end;
    }
    if( sqlite3ExprAnalyzeAggList(&sNC, pOrderBy) ){
      goto select_end;
    }
    if( pHaving && sqlite3ExprAnalyzeAggregates(&sNC, pHaving) ){
      goto select_end;
    }
    sAggInfo.nAccumulator = sAggInfo.nColumn;
    for(i=0; i<sAggInfo.nFunc; i++){
      if( sqlite3ExprAnalyzeAggList(&sNC, sAggInfo.aFunc[i].pExpr->pList) ){
        goto select_end;
      }
    }
    if( sqlite3MallocFailed() ) goto select_end;

    /* Processing for aggregates with GROUP BY is very different and
    ** much more complex tha aggregates without a GROUP BY.
    */
    if( pGroupBy ){
      KeyInfo *pKeyInfo;  /* Keying information for the group by clause */

      /* Create labels that we will be needing
      */
     
      addrInitializeLoop = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
      addrGroupByChange = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
      addrProcessRow = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);

      /* If there is a GROUP BY clause we might need a sorting index to
      ** implement it.  Allocate that sorting index now.  If it turns out
      ** that we do not need it after all, the OpenEphemeral instruction
      ** will be converted into a Noop.  
      */
      sAggInfo.sortingIdx = pParse->nTab++;
      pKeyInfo = keyInfoFromExprList(pParse, pGroupBy);
      addrSortingIdx =
          sqlite3VdbeOp3(v, OP_OpenEphemeral, sAggInfo.sortingIdx,
                         sAggInfo.nSortingColumn,
                         (char*)pKeyInfo, P3_KEYINFO_HANDOFF);

      /* Initialize memory locations used by GROUP BY aggregate processing
      */
      iUseFlag = pParse->nMem++;
      iAbortFlag = pParse->nMem++;
      iAMem = pParse->nMem;
      pParse->nMem += pGroupBy->nExpr;
      iBMem = pParse->nMem;
      pParse->nMem += pGroupBy->nExpr;
      sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_MemInt, 0, iAbortFlag);
      VdbeComment((v, "# clear abort flag"));
      sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_MemInt, 0, iUseFlag);
      VdbeComment((v, "# indicate accumulator empty"));
      sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_Goto, 0, addrInitializeLoop);

      /* Generate a subroutine that outputs a single row of the result
      ** set.  This subroutine first looks at the iUseFlag.  If iUseFlag
      ** is less than or equal to zero, the subroutine is a no-op.  If
      ** the processing calls for the query to abort, this subroutine
      ** increments the iAbortFlag memory location before returning in
      ** order to signal the caller to abort.
      */
      addrSetAbort = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
      sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_MemInt, 1, iAbortFlag);
      VdbeComment((v, "# set abort flag"));
      sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_Return, 0, 0);
      addrOutputRow = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
      sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_IfMemPos, iUseFlag, addrOutputRow+2);
      VdbeComment((v, "# Groupby result generator entry point"));
      sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_Return, 0, 0);
      finalizeAggFunctions(pParse, &sAggInfo);
      if( pHaving ){
        sqlite3ExprIfFalse(pParse, pHaving, addrOutputRow+1, 1);
      }
      rc = selectInnerLoop(pParse, p, p->pEList, 0, 0, pOrderBy,
                           distinct, eDest, iParm, 
                           addrOutputRow+1, addrSetAbort, aff);
      if( rc ){
        goto select_end;
      }
      sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_Return, 0, 0);
      VdbeComment((v, "# end groupby result generator"));

      /* Generate a subroutine that will reset the group-by accumulator
      */
      addrReset = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
      resetAccumulator(pParse, &sAggInfo);
      sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_Return, 0, 0);

      /* Begin a loop that will extract all source rows in GROUP BY order.
      ** This might involve two separate loops with an OP_Sort in between, or
      ** it might be a single loop that uses an index to extract information
      ** in the right order to begin with.
      */
      sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, addrInitializeLoop);
      sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_Gosub, 0, addrReset);
      pWInfo = sqlite3WhereBegin(pParse, pTabList, pWhere, &pGroupBy);
      if( pWInfo==0 ) goto select_end;
      if( pGroupBy==0 ){
        /* The optimizer is able to deliver rows in group by order so
        ** we do not have to sort.  The OP_OpenEphemeral table will be
        ** cancelled later because we still need to use the pKeyInfo
        */
        pGroupBy = p->pGroupBy;
        groupBySort = 0;
      }else{
        /* Rows are coming out in undetermined order.  We have to push
        ** each row into a sorting index, terminate the first loop,
        ** then loop over the sorting index in order to get the output
        ** in sorted order
        */
        groupBySort = 1;
        sqlite3ExprCodeExprList(pParse, pGroupBy);
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_Sequence, sAggInfo.sortingIdx, 0);
        j = pGroupBy->nExpr+1;
        for(i=0; i<sAggInfo.nColumn; i++){
          struct AggInfo_col *pCol = &sAggInfo.aCol[i];
          if( pCol->iSorterColumn<j ) continue;
          sqlite3ExprCodeGetColumn(v, pCol->pTab, pCol->iColumn, pCol->iTable);
          j++;
        }
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_MakeRecord, j, 0);
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_IdxInsert, sAggInfo.sortingIdx, 0);
        sqlite3WhereEnd(pWInfo);
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_Sort, sAggInfo.sortingIdx, addrEnd);
        VdbeComment((v, "# GROUP BY sort"));
        sAggInfo.useSortingIdx = 1;
      }

      /* Evaluate the current GROUP BY terms and store in b0, b1, b2...
      ** (b0 is memory location iBMem+0, b1 is iBMem+1, and so forth)
      ** Then compare the current GROUP BY terms against the GROUP BY terms
      ** from the previous row currently stored in a0, a1, a2...
      */
      addrTopOfLoop = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
      for(j=0; j<pGroupBy->nExpr; j++){
        if( groupBySort ){
          sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_Column, sAggInfo.sortingIdx, j);
        }else{
          sAggInfo.directMode = 1;
          sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pGroupBy->a[j].pExpr);
        }
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_MemStore, iBMem+j, j<pGroupBy->nExpr-1);
      }
      for(j=pGroupBy->nExpr-1; j>=0; j--){
        if( j<pGroupBy->nExpr-1 ){
          sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_MemLoad, iBMem+j, 0);
        }
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_MemLoad, iAMem+j, 0);
        if( j==0 ){
          sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_Eq, 0x200, addrProcessRow);
        }else{
          sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_Ne, 0x200, addrGroupByChange);
        }
        sqlite3VdbeChangeP3(v, -1, (void*)pKeyInfo->aColl[j], P3_COLLSEQ);
      }

      /* Generate code that runs whenever the GROUP BY changes.
      ** Change in the GROUP BY are detected by the previous code
      ** block.  If there were no changes, this block is skipped.
      **
      ** This code copies current group by terms in b0,b1,b2,...
      ** over to a0,a1,a2.  It then calls the output subroutine
      ** and resets the aggregate accumulator registers in preparation
      ** for the next GROUP BY batch.
      */
      sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, addrGroupByChange);
      for(j=0; j<pGroupBy->nExpr; j++){
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_MemMove, iAMem+j, iBMem+j);
      }
      sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_Gosub, 0, addrOutputRow);
      VdbeComment((v, "# output one row"));
      sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_IfMemPos, iAbortFlag, addrEnd);
      VdbeComment((v, "# check abort flag"));
      sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_Gosub, 0, addrReset);
      VdbeComment((v, "# reset accumulator"));

      /* Update the aggregate accumulators based on the content of
      ** the current row
      */
      sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, addrProcessRow);
      updateAccumulator(pParse, &sAggInfo);
      sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_MemInt, 1, iUseFlag);
      VdbeComment((v, "# indicate data in accumulator"));

      /* End of the loop
      */
      if( groupBySort ){
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_Next, sAggInfo.sortingIdx, addrTopOfLoop);
      }else{
        sqlite3WhereEnd(pWInfo);
        sqlite3VdbeChangeToNoop(v, addrSortingIdx, 1);
      }

      /* Output the final row of result
      */
      sqlite3VdbeAddOp(v, OP_Gosub, 0, addrOutputRow);
      VdbeComment((v, "# output final row"));
      
    } /* endif pGroupBy */
    else {
      /* This case runs if the aggregate has no GROUP BY clause.  The
      ** processing is much simpler since there is only a single row
      ** of output.
      */
      resetAccumulator(pParse, &sAggInfo);
      pWInfo = sqlite3WhereBegin(pParse, pTabList, pWhere, 0);
      if( pWInfo==0 ) goto select_end;
      updateAccumulator(pParse, &sAggInfo);
      sqlite3WhereEnd(pWInfo);
      finalizeAggFunctions(pParse, &sAggInfo);
      pOrderBy = 0;
      if( pHaving ){
        sqlite3ExprIfFalse(pParse, pHaving, addrEnd, 1);
      }
      selectInnerLoop(pParse, p, p->pEList, 0, 0, 0, -1, 
                      eDest, iParm, addrEnd, addrEnd, aff);
    }
    sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, addrEnd);
    
  } /* endif aggregate query */

  /* If there is an ORDER BY clause, then we need to sort the results
  ** and send them to the callback one by one.
  */
  if( pOrderBy ){
    generateSortTail(pParse, p, v, pEList->nExpr, eDest, iParm);
  }

#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY
  /* If this was a subquery, we have now converted the subquery into a
  ** temporary table.  So set the SrcList_item.isPopulated flag to prevent
  ** this subquery from being evaluated again and to force the use of
  ** the temporary table.
  */
  if( pParent ){
    assert( pParent->pSrc->nSrc>parentTab );
    assert( pParent->pSrc->a[parentTab].pSelect==p );
    pParent->pSrc->a[parentTab].isPopulated = 1;
  }
#endif

  /* Jump here to skip this query
  */
  sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, iEnd);

  /* The SELECT was successfully coded.   Set the return code to 0
  ** to indicate no errors.
  */
  rc = 0;

  /* Control jumps to here if an error is encountered above, or upon
  ** successful coding of the SELECT.
  */
select_end:

  /* Identify column names if we will be using them in a callback.  This
  ** step is skipped if the output is going to some other destination.
  */
  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && eDest==SRT_Callback ){
    generateColumnNames(pParse, pTabList, pEList);
  }

  sqliteFree(sAggInfo.aCol);
  sqliteFree(sAggInfo.aFunc);
  return rc;
}

#if defined(SQLITE_DEBUG)
/*
*******************************************************************************
** The following code is used for testing and debugging only.  The code
** that follows does not appear in normal builds.
**
** These routines are used to print out the content of all or part of a 
** parse structures such as Select or Expr.  Such printouts are useful
** for helping to understand what is happening inside the code generator
** during the execution of complex SELECT statements.
**
** These routine are not called anywhere from within the normal
** code base.  Then are intended to be called from within the debugger
** or from temporary "printf" statements inserted for debugging.
*/
void sqlite3PrintExpr(Expr *p){
  if( p->token.z && p->token.n>0 ){
    sqlite3DebugPrintf("(%.*s", p->token.n, p->token.z);
  }else{
    sqlite3DebugPrintf("(%d", p->op);
  }
  if( p->pLeft ){
    sqlite3DebugPrintf(" ");
    sqlite3PrintExpr(p->pLeft);
  }
  if( p->pRight ){
    sqlite3DebugPrintf(" ");
    sqlite3PrintExpr(p->pRight);
  }
  sqlite3DebugPrintf(")");
}
void sqlite3PrintExprList(ExprList *pList){
  int i;
  for(i=0; i<pList->nExpr; i++){
    sqlite3PrintExpr(pList->a[i].pExpr);
    if( i<pList->nExpr-1 ){
      sqlite3DebugPrintf(", ");
    }
  }
}
void sqlite3PrintSelect(Select *p, int indent){
  sqlite3DebugPrintf("%*sSELECT(%p) ", indent, "", p);
  sqlite3PrintExprList(p->pEList);
  sqlite3DebugPrintf("\n");
  if( p->pSrc ){
    char *zPrefix;
    int i;
    zPrefix = "FROM";
    for(i=0; i<p->pSrc->nSrc; i++){
      struct SrcList_item *pItem = &p->pSrc->a[i];
      sqlite3DebugPrintf("%*s ", indent+6, zPrefix);
      zPrefix = "";
      if( pItem->pSelect ){
        sqlite3DebugPrintf("(\n");
        sqlite3PrintSelect(pItem->pSelect, indent+10);
        sqlite3DebugPrintf("%*s)", indent+8, "");
      }else if( pItem->zName ){
        sqlite3DebugPrintf("%s", pItem->zName);
      }
      if( pItem->pTab ){
        sqlite3DebugPrintf("(table: %s)", pItem->pTab->zName);
      }
      if( pItem->zAlias ){
        sqlite3DebugPrintf(" AS %s", pItem->zAlias);
      }
      if( i<p->pSrc->nSrc-1 ){
        sqlite3DebugPrintf(",");
      }
      sqlite3DebugPrintf("\n");
    }
  }
  if( p->pWhere ){
    sqlite3DebugPrintf("%*s WHERE ", indent, "");
    sqlite3PrintExpr(p->pWhere);
    sqlite3DebugPrintf("\n");
  }
  if( p->pGroupBy ){
    sqlite3DebugPrintf("%*s GROUP BY ", indent, "");
    sqlite3PrintExprList(p->pGroupBy);
    sqlite3DebugPrintf("\n");
  }
  if( p->pHaving ){
    sqlite3DebugPrintf("%*s HAVING ", indent, "");
    sqlite3PrintExpr(p->pHaving);
    sqlite3DebugPrintf("\n");
  }
  if( p->pOrderBy ){
    sqlite3DebugPrintf("%*s ORDER BY ", indent, "");
    sqlite3PrintExprList(p->pOrderBy);
    sqlite3DebugPrintf("\n");
  }
}
/* End of the structure debug printing code
*****************************************************************************/
#endif /* defined(SQLITE_TEST) || defined(SQLITE_DEBUG) */

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